Executive Summary / Key Takeaways

• A Tale of Two Markets: North America delivered an all-time high 61% of consolidated EBITDA in Q2 2025, while Brazil's domestic market faces 23.4% import penetration and "very disappointing" government inaction, forcing management to consider asset reviews and CapEx cuts in its home market.

• Capital Allocation Gamble: Gerdau funded a 90% shareholder payout ratio (dividends plus buybacks) in Q2 2025 primarily through debt, increasing net debt by BRL 5 billion while investing BRL 4 billion in Brazilian projects, creating a temporary EPS boost but strategic vulnerability if the home market deteriorates further.

• Operational Execution Risk: The Ouro Branco hot-rolled coil mill's "growth pains" caused a 100,000-150,000 tonne production shortfall in Q2 2025, costing an estimated BRL 150 million in EBITDA, highlighting the challenge of ramping new capacity amid market oversupply.

• Mining Catalyst on Horizon: The Miguel Burnier iron ore project, slated to start operations by end-2025, offers potential for BRL 1.1 billion in incremental annual EBITDA and significant cost reduction for the Ouro Branco unit, providing a potential offset to Brazilian market weakness.

• Valuation Reflects Skepticism: Trading at 0.55x sales and 5.79x EBITDA, GGB's valuation embeds deep pessimism about Brazilian recovery, creating potential asymmetry if trade defense measures improve or if management's strategic pivot unlocks value through asset optimization.

Setting the Scene: A 125-Year Steel Giant at an Inflection Point

Founded in 1901 and headquartered in São Paulo, Brazil, Gerdau S.A. has evolved from a regional long steel producer into a diversified Americas-wide manufacturer with mini-mill operations spanning Brazil, North America, and South America. The company makes money through three core activities: producing long steel products (rebar, merchant bars) for construction, manufacturing special steels for automotive and industrial applications, and operating iron ore mines that supply its Brazilian mills. This integrated model—combining steel production with raw material sourcing and direct retail distribution—has historically provided cost advantages and market access that pure-play competitors lack.

The current investment case hinges on a stark geographic bifurcation. In early 2025, Gerdau streamlined its reporting from four to three segments (Brazil, North America, South America) to reflect what management calls "increasing regionalization of markets." This structural change masks a deeper strategic pivot: the company is effectively retreating from aggressive investment in its Brazilian home market while doubling down on the protected, high-margin North American arena. The implications are profound—Gerdau is becoming less a Brazilian steel champion and more a North American structural steel player that happens to own Brazilian assets. This transformation, driven by policy failures in Brazil and policy support in the U.S., defines the risk-reward equation for shareholders today.

Technology, Products, and Strategic Differentiation: Cost Leadership Meets Execution Risk

Gerdau's competitive moat rests on three pillars: mini-mill scale, integrated mining, and a proprietary retail network. The company's 30+ mini-mills enable significantly lower manufacturing costs compared to integrated blast furnace producers, translating to superior gross margins (11.68% TTM) and pricing power in long steel. It provides resilience during downturns and amplifies profits during upturns. The retail distribution network fosters customer loyalty, generating recurring revenue and reducing distributor margins that competitors like Steel Dynamics (STLD) and Nucor (NUE) must pay.

The strategic differentiation is evolving. In March 2025, Gerdau inaugurated expanded hot-rolled coil capacity at Ouro Branco, aiming to increase flat steel's share in its Brazilian portfolio and offer higher-value-added products. Flat steel commands premium pricing and diversifies revenue away from commoditized rebar. However, the execution has been rocky. In Q2 2025, management admitted costs at Ouro Branco were "above our potential," causing a 100,000-150,000 tonne production shortfall. This cost an estimated BRL 150 million in EBITDA, demonstrating that capacity expansion during market oversupply creates near-term margin pressure even when strategically sound.

The company is also investing in renewable energy, acquiring two small hydroelectric power plants in Mato Grosso in 2024 and planning BRL 400 million in solar parks for 2025. It reduces energy costs—materially 10-15% of steel production expenses—and supports decarbonization, a growing requirement for automotive and industrial customers. However, these investments also consume capital that could otherwise shore up the balance sheet or fund more immediate cost reductions in Brazil.

Financial Performance & Segment Dynamics: The Numbers Tell a Geographic Story

Gerdau's Q2 2025 results provide clear evidence of the hemispheric divide. Consolidated adjusted EBITDA rose 6.6% quarter-over-quarter to BRL 2.6 billion, driven entirely by North America's "strong recovery" while Brazil and South America experienced reductions. Net income increased 14% to BRL 864 million, but this stability masks underlying volatility. The North America segment captured an all-time high 61% of consolidated EBITDA, up from historical levels around 40-50%, while Brazil's contribution fell despite representing the majority of physical assets.

The segment-level analysis reveals why. North American operations are "living our best moment in 2025," with order backlog exceeding 70 days and demand "above historical levels," fueled by non-residential construction and infrastructure. The 25% U.S. import tariffs have "corrected exceptions from Section 232 ," effectively creating a protected market where Gerdau's structural profiles and merchant bars command premium pricing. The specialty steel business improved due to Monroe mill investments approaching their end-of-cycle, delivering efficiency gains and better capacity utilization. Margin expansion stems from operational excellence, not just pricing power.

In stark contrast, Brazil's domestic market is "strongly impacted by excessive steel imports," with penetration reaching 23.4% in H1 2025—almost 80% above historical averages. Management's commentary is unusually blunt: "It is very disappointing. After 12 months, with deep knowledge of the quota tariff system, we don't see any stronger measures adopted by the ministry." It signals a breakdown in the social contract between Brazilian industry and government, forcing Gerdau to consider actions previously unthinkable. The company captured BRL 210 million in cost savings in Q3 2024 and expects BRL 1.5 billion in annual savings, but these operational improvements are being overwhelmed by import-driven price erosion.

The South America segment, heavily weighted toward Argentina, saw shipments decline 40-50% due to economic adjustments, with margins compressing to 16% versus historical levels above 20%. It eliminates what was once a stable profit contributor, further concentrating the company's fate on the Brazil-North America axis.

Segment Deep Dive: North America's Protected Niche

North America's performance is the bright spot justifying current valuation. The segment produces steel 100% locally to meet U.S. demand, insulating it from trade friction and currency volatility. Its product mix—structural beams, merchant bars, and special steels—serves non-residential construction and infrastructure, sectors less sensitive to interest rate fluctuations than residential construction. It provides earnings stability and pricing power even in uncertain macro environments.

The order backlog exceeding 70 days and capacity utilization benefiting from import tariffs creates a supply-demand imbalance favoring domestic producers. Management postponed Phase 1 of the Midlothian expansion in Texas to prioritize current production, a tactical decision that preserves margins but defers growth. It signals discipline—Gerdau is not chasing volume at the expense of profitability, a common mistake in cyclical industries.

The specialty steel improvement at the Monroe mill is particularly instructive. Margin growth came not from SBQ price increases but from "operating improvements because all of the investments we made in our Monroe mill in the past few years are approaching the end of the investment cycle." It demonstrates that Gerdau's capital allocation in North America is generating returns, with efficiency gains and better metal spread driving margins higher. The segment's ability to capture share from imports while maintaining pricing power validates its competitive position.

Segment Deep Dive: Brazil's Existential Crisis

Brazil represents Gerdau's original identity and its greatest challenge. The domestic market's import penetration reached 23.4% in H1 2025, with management warning of "risk that new import records will be set in the coming months if trade defense mechanisms are not improved." It transforms Brazil from a core market into a distressed asset requiring strategic triage. The company's response—reducing investments and adjusting capacity—marks a fundamental shift from growth to defense.

The Ouro Branco mill's struggles epitomize the challenge. Implementation of the new hot-rolled coil capacity created "growth pains" and "interventions related to the Miguel Burnier mining project and cold processes" that cut production by 100,000-150,000 tonnes. This cost an estimated BRL 150 million in EBITDA based on contribution margins of BRL 1,000-1,500 per tonne. Even strategic investments designed to improve competitiveness can backfire when executed during market oversupply.

Management's frustration is palpable. Gustavo Werneck stated, "Given this scenario of lack of competitive quality in the Brazilian market and the slowness of the authorities in taking more effective measures, we decided to reduce our investments in Brazil." Rafael Japur added, "We are considering reducing our CapEx plans, mainly in Brazil because we are not seeing any concrete possibilities of economic returns." It signals that Gerdau is no longer willing to subsidize its home market with shareholder capital, potentially leading to asset sales or capacity closures that would reshape the company permanently.

The Miguel Burnier mining project offers a potential lifeline. Expected to start operations by end-2025, it promises "significant competitiveness and cost reduction" for Ouro Branco with potential for BRL 1.1 billion in incremental EBITDA. It could offset import-driven margin compression and restore Brazilian operations to health. However, the benefits materialize gradually, with only an "interesting part" expected in 2026, leaving a transition period where Brazil remains a drag on consolidated results.

Competitive Context: Moats and Vulnerabilities

Gerdau's competitive positioning varies dramatically by geography. In North America, its mini-mill scale, integrated operations, and specialty steel capabilities compete effectively against Nucor (NUE) and Steel Dynamics (STLD). The company's 11.68% gross margin trails STLD's 13.07% but exceeds NUE's 11.48%, while its 8.73% operating margin lags both peers (10.42% and 10.52% respectively). Gerdau is competitive but not dominant, relying on product mix and market conditions rather than structural cost advantages.

In Brazil, Gerdau faces a different competitive landscape. ArcelorMittal (MT) and Ternium (TX) have regional presence, but the primary threat is subsidized Chinese imports. Management notes that Chinese manufacturers "don't understand the concept of cost of capital" due to public subsidies, making competition on price impossible. It shifts the competitive battle from operational excellence to trade policy, an arena where Gerdau has limited control.

The company's moats—mini-mill scale, integrated mining, and retail distribution—provide defensible positions but not impregnable barriers. NUE's larger U.S. scale and faster recycling-based production cycles offer qualitatively superior environmental profiles, while STLD's focus on flat steel provides better exposure to automotive trends. Gerdau's unique value proposition is its hemispheric scale and long steel dominance in South America, but this becomes a liability when that market collapses.

Financially, Gerdau's 0.37 debt-to-equity ratio is conservative compared to peers, but its 5.51% ROE trails NUE's 9.01% and STLD's 12.55%, reflecting lower asset efficiency. The 3.07% dividend yield exceeds most peers, but this is funded partly by debt rather than organic cash generation. Gerdau is sacrificing long-term capital efficiency for short-term shareholder returns, a trade-off that may prove unsustainable if Brazilian operations don't recover.

Risks and Asymmetries: What Could Break the Thesis

The central risk is policy failure in Brazil. Management's "very disappointing" assessment of government inaction suggests that even after 12 months of advocacy, effective trade defense measures remain unlikely. If import penetration rises above 30%, domestic prices could collapse further, making even cost-reduced operations unprofitable. It could force Gerdau into asset sales at distressed valuations or permanent capacity closures that would reduce its strategic optionality.

A second risk is potential U.S. tariffs on Brazilian steel. Management is "cautiously monitoring" this possibility, noting it "should have an impact on the automotive and auto parts industry." It would hit Brazil's higher-value special steel segment, accelerating the shift toward commoditized rebar and reducing the market's overall profitability. While North American operations would benefit from trade restrictions, the consolidated impact would be negative given Brazil's still-significant contribution.

Execution risk on the Miguel Burnier project remains material. Any delay beyond end-2025 would push the BRL 1.1 billion EBITDA benefit further into the future, leaving Brazilian operations vulnerable for longer. The Ouro Branco mill's Q2 2025 struggles demonstrate that even well-planned projects can face operational headwinds during ramp-up.

Capital allocation presents an asymmetry. The 90% payout ratio and aggressive buybacks support the stock near-term but consume capital that could fund Brazilian competitiveness improvements. If management follows through on "revisiting all of our assets," asset sales could unlock value but also reduce long-term growth options. It creates a tension between shareholder returns and strategic reinvestment that could define Gerdau's identity for the next decade.

Valuation Context: Pricing in Brazilian Pessimism

At $3.67 per share, Gerdau trades at 0.55x sales, 5.79x EBITDA, and 13.11x earnings—multiples that reflect deep skepticism about Brazilian recovery. The 101.66 price-to-free-cash-flow ratio appears elevated, but this is distorted by the BRL 5 billion debt increase funding shareholder returns. The 0.71 price-to-book ratio suggests the market values Gerdau below its asset replacement cost, appropriate for a business facing existential market share loss.

Comparatively, Nucor trades at 1.18x sales and 10.51x EBITDA, while Steel Dynamics commands 1.43x sales and 14.61x EBITDA—premiums reflecting their U.S.-focused, tariff-protected markets. ArcelorMittal's 0.54x sales multiple is similar to Gerdau's, but its global scale provides diversification that Gerdau lacks. The market is pricing Gerdau as a distressed Brazilian asset rather than a thriving North American operator, creating potential upside if management successfully pivots the portfolio.

The balance sheet remains strong with a 0.85x net debt/EBITDA ratio "way below" the 1.5x policy limit, but gross debt of BRL 18 billion exceeds the pre-COVID policy of BRL 12 billion. Management argues this is manageable given high cash levels and low leverage, but the mismatch—BRL 4 billion CapEx in Brazil while cash is generated primarily in North America—creates structural pressure. The company aims to reduce working capital days from 84-85 to 80, which could free up BRL 500-700 million, but this is a one-time benefit rather than a recurring cash flow driver.

Conclusion: A Strategic Inflection Point with Asymmetric Risk-Reward

Gerdau stands at a crossroads defined by geographic divergence and capital allocation choices. The North American business is thriving in a protected market, generating record EBITDA contributions and justifying the company's continued investment in specialty steel and capacity optimization. Meanwhile, the Brazilian home market is in crisis, with import penetration at unsustainable levels and management openly considering asset reviews that would have been unthinkable two years ago.

The central thesis hinges on whether this bifurcation leads to value creation or destruction. If management's frustration with Brazilian policy inaction results in decisive action—asset sales, capacity closures, or strategic partnerships—it could unlock value and refocus capital on the higher-return North American business. The Miguel Burnier mining project provides a potential catalyst that could restore Brazilian competitiveness by end-2025, offering BRL 1.1 billion in incremental EBITDA that would fundamentally alter the segment's economics.

However, the aggressive shareholder returns funded by debt create near-term support but long-term risk. The 90% payout ratio and BRL 2.8 billion in buybacks have increased leverage while the core Brazilian market deteriorates, leaving less financial flexibility to weather a prolonged trade war or execute strategic pivots. Investors must monitor whether management's "very disappointing" view of government inaction translates to concrete strategic changes or remains rhetorical frustration.

The valuation at 0.55x sales provides downside protection if operations merely stabilize, but meaningful upside requires either Brazilian trade policy improvement or successful execution of the mining project. The asymmetry is clear: a 25-30% tariff on Brazilian imports would likely double the stock, while continued inaction could force asset sales that crystallize losses but unlock long-term value. For investors, the key variables are management's willingness to restructure Brazil and the timeline for Miguel Burnier's benefits—two factors that will determine whether Gerdau remains a Brazilian steel champion or transforms into a North American-focused structural steel pure-play.