Executive Summary / Key Takeaways

• Strategic Evolution and Growth: Sallie Mae is strategically transforming its business model, moving beyond traditional private student lending to embrace new capital-light funding partnerships, positioning itself for accelerated, yet disciplined, growth in the wake of significant federal student loan reforms.
• Federal Reforms as a Catalyst: The elimination of the Grad PLUS program and caps on Parent PLUS loans are projected to unlock an additional $4.5 billion to $5 billion in annual private education loan origination volume for Sallie Mae, creating a substantial long-term growth opportunity.
• Robust Financial Performance and Outlook: The company delivered strong Q3 2025 results, with diluted EPS of $0.63, 6.4% year-over-year origination growth, and a net interest margin of 5.18%. Management has raised its 2025 GAAP EPS guidance to $3.20-$3.30, driven by strategic loan sales and provision releases.
• Disciplined Credit Management: Despite macroeconomic uncertainties and changes in loan modification eligibility, Sallie Mae maintains strong credit quality in originations (95% cosigner rate, average FICO 756 in Q3 2025) and stable late-stage delinquencies, supported by effective loss mitigation programs.
• Competitive Edge and Innovation: As the leading private student lender, Sallie Mae leverages its strong brand, regulatory expertise, and at-scale operational technology to maintain market share and is actively developing new funding mechanisms to enhance capital efficiency and predictable returns.

Sallie Mae's Enduring Mission in a Transforming Landscape

SLM Corporation, widely recognized by its Sallie Mae brand, has been a foundational pillar in American higher education finance since its inception in 1972. Headquartered in Newark, Delaware, the company has consistently focused on originating and servicing private education loans, bridging the financial gap for students and families beyond federal aid and personal resources. This core mission has evolved significantly, particularly with the company's complete shift to solely Private Education Loans following the sale of its Federal Family Education Loan Program (FFELP) portfolio in late 2024.

Sallie Mae's overarching strategy, articulated in its evolved investment thesis from late 2023, centers on achieving strong and predictable balance sheet growth, robust EPS performance, meaningful capital return, and manageable risk. This strategic framework has guided its recent performance and positions the company to capitalize on a rapidly changing industry landscape. The higher education finance sector is currently undergoing a pivotal transformation, driven by significant federal policy shifts and the growing sophistication of private credit markets.

The company's competitive standing is anchored by its market leadership in private student lending. Sallie Mae boasts superior data and credit insights, at-scale systems and marketing engines, and deep-rooted relationships with educational institutions. This allows it to maintain a strong competitive moat against rivals. While direct quantitative comparisons with all private competitors are challenging to ascertain, Sallie Mae's strong performance in key metrics suggests a leading position. For instance, in the graduate lending space, the company holds approximately 67% market share, slightly more than its undergraduate market share, demonstrating its pervasive influence.

Sallie Mae's operational technology, while not a "hard tech" differentiator like a novel material, provides a crucial competitive edge. Its sophisticated underwriting models enable "continued discipline in our underwriting standards and borrower selection," resulting in high-quality originations. This is evident in the Q3 2025 originations, which boasted a 95% cosigner rate, an increase from 92% in the prior year, and an average FICO score at approval of 756, up from 754. The company's "at-scale systems and marketing engines" contribute to efficient customer acquisition, with management noting a reduction in the cost of acquisition over time. Furthermore, its enhanced loss mitigation programs, supported by these systems, have proven highly effective, with 80% of borrowers in programs for over a year consistently making payments. These technological capabilities are foundational to Sallie Mae's strategy, contributing to lower net charge-offs, stable returns on equity, and the ability to scale operations for future growth.

Capitalizing on Federal Reforms and Strategic Partnerships

A monumental shift in the federal student loan landscape presents Sallie Mae with an unprecedented growth opportunity. The signing of H.R.1. into law in July 2025 introduced significant reforms, notably capping borrowing under the Parent PLUS program and eliminating the Grad PLUS program entirely, effective July 1, 2026, for first-time borrowers. These changes are designed to curb overborrowing and address unsustainable debt levels within the federal system.

Sallie Mae anticipates these federal lending limits could generate an additional $4.5 billion to $5 billion in annual private education loan origination volume once fully realized. This incremental volume, approximately two-thirds from Grad PLUS and one-third from Parent PLUS, is expected to phase in over several years, with the most significant impacts projected for 2027 and beyond. Graduate loans, in particular, are viewed as a lower-loss, higher-return product, given the typically stronger credit profiles and career commitment of graduate students.

To effectively manage this anticipated influx of volume, Sallie Mae is actively exploring new alternative funding partnerships in the private credit space. This initiative aims to create a "third funding leg of the stool," complementing its existing balance sheet growth and traditional loan sale programs. The goal is to establish a scalable and efficient structure that supports growth while preserving balance sheet capacity and delivering more predictable, capital-light fee-based revenues. An announcement regarding a "first-of-its-kind partnership" is expected in the near term, signaling a strategic evolution towards unlocking further value from its attractive customer base.

Financial Strength and Performance

Sallie Mae's financial performance in the third quarter of 2025 underscores its operational effectiveness and strategic momentum. The company reported GAAP diluted EPS of $0.63, a significant increase from $0.23 in the prior-year quarter. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, diluted EPS reached $2.35, compared to $2.18 in the same period of 2024.

Net interest income for Q3 2025 rose by $14 million year-over-year to $373 million, primarily driven by an 18-basis point increase in net interest margin (NIM) to 5.18% and a $1.80 billion increase in average Private Education Loans. The NIM expansion reflects higher yields on interest-earning assets, particularly Private Education Loans, and a decrease in the cost of funds due to a decline in the 30-day average SOFR. For the nine-month period, net interest income increased by $6 million to $1.125 billion. Management maintains a long-term NIM target in the low to mid-5% range.

Credit quality remains a core strength. Private education loan net charge-offs in Q3 2025 were $78 million, representing 1.95% of average loans in repayment, a 13-basis point improvement from the prior year. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net charge-offs were $247.973 million, or 2.06% of average loans in repayment. The provision for credit losses in Q3 2025 decreased to $179 million from $271 million in Q3 2024, largely due to a $119 million negative provision release from a $1.94 billion Private Education Loan sale. The total allowance as a percentage of private education loan exposure modestly improved to 5.93% in Q3 2025.

Total operating expenses for Q3 2025 increased to $180 million from $171 million in the prior year, primarily due to increased marketing spend, partially offset by lower FDIC fees and personnel costs. For the nine months, operating expenses rose by $11 million to $499 million, also influenced by higher spending on information technology initiatives. The effective income tax rate for the first nine months of 2025 decreased to 24.40% from 25.50% in the prior year, mainly due to a decrease in state income taxes.

Sallie Mae's liquidity and capital positions are robust. As of September 30, 2025, the company reported a liquidity ratio of 15.8%, total risk-based capital of 12.6%, and Common Equity Tier 1 capital of 11.3%. These ratios exceed all applicable standards for the Bank to qualify as well-capitalized under the prompt corrective action framework. Total deposits stood at $20.01 billion, comprising $7.70 billion in brokered deposits and $12.30 billion in retail and other deposits. The company also maintains significant borrowing capacity through its Secured Borrowing Facility and Federal Funds lines of credit.

Outlook, Risks, and Competitive Dynamics

Sallie Mae has revised its 2025 GAAP diluted EPS guidance upwards to $3.20-$3.30, while reaffirming all other elements of its 2025 outlook, including originations growth, net charge-offs, and noninterest expense metrics. This revised EPS guidance is primarily driven by the anticipated release of CECL provisions from a portion of loans expected to be designated "held for sale" prior to year-end, in preparation for a new alternative funding partnership. The guidance does not include any potential gain on sale from these transactions. Management expects a "high 1s, low 2%" net charge-off rate over the longer term.

Despite this positive outlook, Sallie Mae operates within a dynamic environment that presents certain risks. Macroeconomic ambiguity remains a key concern, with management maintaining a cautious stance and closely monitoring economic forecasts that could impact credit loss estimates. While 30+ day delinquencies increased year-over-year in Q3 2025, this is largely attributed to changes in loan modification eligibility criteria implemented in late 2024, rather than a fundamental deterioration in borrower ability to pay. Late-stage delinquencies and roll rates have remained stable, indicating the effectiveness of the company's refined loss mitigation programs.

In the competitive landscape, Sallie Mae faces a diverse set of rivals. Direct competitors include Navient , Nelnet , Discover Financial Services , and SoFi . While Navient (NAVI) and Nelnet (NNI) have strengths in operational scale and diversified education finance services, Sallie Mae differentiates itself through its direct-to-consumer focus, strong brand recognition, and specialized education loan expertise. Compared to fintech innovators like SoFi (SOFI), Sallie Mae may lag in innovation speed and digital adaptation, but it holds an advantage in established regulatory licenses and a reputation for trust and stability. Discover Financial Services (DFS), with its broader consumer banking offerings, presents a challenge in customer acquisition efficiency. Sallie Mae's strategic response to these competitive pressures involves leveraging its market leadership to forge new funding partnerships that offer capital efficiency and predictable returns, allowing it to compete effectively for the expanded market opportunity created by federal reforms.

Conclusion

Sallie Mae stands at a pivotal juncture, strategically positioned to capitalize on significant shifts in the higher education finance market. Its disciplined approach to credit management, evidenced by strong origination quality and effective loss mitigation programs, provides a stable foundation. The company's proactive pursuit of new, capital-light funding partnerships, particularly in response to the substantial opportunity presented by federal student loan reforms, signals a clear path towards accelerated, yet sustainable, growth and enhanced shareholder value.

The upward revision of 2025 EPS guidance, driven by strategic loan sales and provision releases, underscores management's confidence in its operational execution and strategic trajectory. As the leading private student lender, Sallie Mae's enduring brand, regulatory expertise, and continuous refinement of its operational technology form a robust competitive moat. While macroeconomic uncertainties and competitive dynamics persist, Sallie Mae's strategic evolution, coupled with its commitment to capital return and disciplined growth, positions it as a compelling investment opportunity in the evolving landscape of student finance.