Archer-Daniels-Midland Company (ADM)

Executive Summary / Key Takeaways

• *ADM is enduring its worst crush margin environment in years, with Ag Services & Oilseeds operating profit down 35% year-to-date, yet this cyclical trough creates a potential inflection point as biofuel policy clarity and $500-750 million in self-help savings set up 2026 recovery.
• *The Nutrition segment has emerged as a genuine growth engine, delivering 24% operating profit growth in Q3 2025 and offsetting commodity volatility, proving ADM's portfolio shift toward higher-margin specialty ingredients is gaining traction.
• *Management's downward revision of 2025 EPS guidance to $3.25-$3.50 reflects brutal reality but also resets expectations to achievable levels, while the balance sheet's $11 billion liquidity and 94-year dividend streak demonstrate financial resilience.
• *The unresolved SEC/DOJ investigation into intersegment sales remains an overhang, but successful remediation of the material weakness by June 2025 shows operational control is being restored.
• *Trading at 11.98x forward earnings with a 3.36% dividend yield, ADM is pricing in continued margin pressure while offering asymmetric upside if U.S. biofuel policy finalizes and crush margins normalize toward historical ranges.

Setting the Scene: The Agricultural Processor at a Crossroads

Archer-Daniels-Midland Company, founded in 1902 and headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, has spent over a century building one of the world's most extensive agricultural supply chains. The company doesn't simply process soybeans and corn—it orchestrates a global network of origination, transportation, storage, and transformation that touches nearly every food, feed, fuel, and industrial product derived from crops. This integrated model generates over $85 billion in annual revenue across three segments: Ag Services and Oilseeds (AS&O), Carbohydrate Solutions, and Nutrition.

ADM's business model has historically thrived on volume and margin capture at each link of this chain. The AS&O segment represents the core, where ADM sources grains, crushes oilseeds into vegetable oils and protein meals, and merchandises commodities globally. Carbohydrate Solutions converts corn and wheat into sweeteners, starches, and ethanol. Nutrition, the smallest but fastest-growing segment, supplies specialty ingredients like flavors, probiotics, and plant-based proteins to food, beverage, and animal feed markets.

The industry structure is brutally cyclical. Crush margins—the difference between the cost of soybeans and the revenue from selling oil and meal—fluctuate with global supply, trade flows, and biofuel policy. ADM's moat has been its scale and integration: owning assets across the value chain provides cost advantages and customer lock-in that smaller processors cannot match. However, this same integration means when the cycle turns, pain reverberates throughout the network.

Today, ADM sits at a critical juncture. The company is simultaneously battling the worst crush margin environment in recent memory, executing a sweeping self-help agenda, and pivoting toward higher-margin nutrition solutions. The question for investors is whether this represents a broken business model or a cyclical trough that will reward patient capital.

Technology, Products, and Strategic Differentiation

ADM's competitive advantage rests on three pillars: global supply chain integration, nutrition innovation, and operational excellence. The first pillar is its most durable. With origination facilities spanning North and South America, transportation assets, and processing plants worldwide, ADM can source crops from the lowest-cost regions and deliver to the highest-value markets. This integration provides a natural hedge against regional crop failures or trade disruptions while capturing arbitrage opportunities that pure-play processors miss. When South American logistics costs fell due to reduced take-or-pay contract expenses in 2025, Ag Services operating profit jumped 78% year-over-year, demonstrating how scale translates to margin leverage.

The second pillar—nutrition innovation—represents ADM's strategic future. The company is moving beyond commodity processing to create higher-value specialty ingredients. The Flavors business achieved record quarterly revenue in Q3 2025, while Animal Nutrition operating profit surged 79% year-over-year through disciplined cost control and portfolio streamlining. Nutrition margins are less volatile and more aligned with consumer health trends than commodity crush margins, which is a key strategic advantage. The partnership with Asahi Global Foods for postbiotic distribution and the Alltech joint venture to pivot Animal Nutrition toward specialty ingredients show ADM is deliberately shedding low-margin commodity exposure for higher-value, stickier customer relationships.

The third pillar is operational excellence. ADM's decarbonization leadership, exemplified by connecting its Columbus, Nebraska facility to the world's largest bioethanol carbon capture pipeline, creates both cost advantages and customer differentiation. As sustainability becomes a purchasing criterion, this technology provides a competitive edge. Similarly, the company's digital strategy pivot toward regional, agile projects—while resulting in a $173 million software impairment—positions ADM to capture data-driven efficiencies without the overhead of failed global implementations.

Financial Performance & Segment Dynamics: The Trough Is Deep but Manageable

ADM's financial results paint a picture of a company under pressure but far from broken. The AS&O segment, which generated $2.4 billion in operating profit in 2024, has seen profits collapse to $1.17 billion year-to-date in 2025—a 35% decline. The Crushing subsegment was particularly brutal, with Q3 operating profit plummeting 93% year-over-year to just $13 million. This reflects the severe drop in crush margins, which have fallen to approximately $45-55 per ton for soybeans and $50-70 per ton for canola, down $5 and $20 per ton respectively from 2024. This isn't a minor cyclical dip; it's a structural margin reset caused by the deferral of U.S. biofuel policy, increased industry capacity, and aggressive Argentine competition.

Yet the pain is partially self-inflicted and partially beyond ADM's control. The company cannot control when the EPA finalizes Renewable Volume Obligations (RVOs) or when 45Z guidance emerges, but it can control its cost structure. The $500-750 million cost savings program, with $200-300 million targeted for 2025, could offset nearly half the AS&O profit decline. The closure of the Kershaw, South Carolina crush facility and exit from Chinese and Dubai trading operations show management is willing to sacrifice scale for profitability.

The Carbohydrate Solutions segment delivered mixed results. While Starches and Sweeteners operating profit fell 36% year-over-year due to soft packaged goods demand and high EMEA corn costs, Vantage Corn Processors swung from a $3 million loss to a $43 million profit. Ethanol EBITDA margins doubled year-over-year, driven by strong exports and industry downtime. This demonstrates ADM's ability to capture value in sub-segments even when broader demand weakens. The ethanol business benefits from ADM's integrated model—when crush margins are poor, the company can shift margin focus to ethanol, providing a natural hedge within the carbohydrate complex.

Nutrition is the clear bright spot. Segment operating profit rose 24% in Q3 and 14% year-to-date, with Human Nutrition up 12% and Animal Nutrition up 79%. Revenue grew 5% despite the Decatur East plant outage, which cost approximately $25 million per quarter. With the plant now back online and ramping to full capacity, Q4 should see further improvement. This segment's resilience proves ADM's pivot is working. While commodity margins compress, specialty ingredients are expanding, providing a foundation for more stable earnings growth.

Cash flow generation remains robust despite earnings pressure. Year-to-date operating cash flow reached $5.8 billion, up from $2.5 billion in the prior year, driven by a $3.2 billion inventory reduction that reflects sharper working capital management. The net leverage ratio improved to 1.8x, within the target range of approximately 2x. This robust cash generation allows ADM to fund its dividend, share repurchases, and strategic investments even in a downturn, without stressing the balance sheet.

Outlook, Guidance, and Execution Risk

Management's guidance tells a story of cautious realism mixed with long-term optimism. The revised 2025 adjusted EPS range of $3.25-$3.50, down from the previous $4.00 approximate guide, acknowledges that crush margins will remain depressed through year-end. The company has booked about 80% of Q4 crush margins at levels "flattish to Q4," with no expectation of policy-driven improvement until 2026. This reset removes hope from the valuation equation—any recovery is now a 2026 story, not a 2025 event.

The 2026 outlook, however, offers a compelling bull case. Management expects "a more constructive environment for both the industry and the American farmer" driven by finalization of U.S. biofuel policy, expansion of global SAF mandates, and improving livestock sector fundamentals. Juan Luciano's comment that "RINs will probably pop first" suggests a sequential recovery: renewable fuel credits rise, pulling soybean oil demand, which increases crush rates and margins. This provides a clear mechanism for margin recovery that doesn't require heroic assumptions—just policy clarity.

Execution risk centers on three factors. First, the cost savings program must deliver. The $500-750 million target over 3-5 years is ambitious but achievable given ADM's scale. Second, the Nutrition segment must continue its momentum. The Alltech joint venture launching in 2026 will be critical to transitioning Animal Nutrition toward specialty ingredients. Third, the company must navigate the SEC/DOJ investigations without material financial penalty. While the material weakness has been remediated, the investigations remain an open-ended risk that could impact sentiment.

Risks and Asymmetries: What Could Break the Thesis

The primary risk is policy failure. If U.S. biofuel policy remains deferred beyond 2026, crush margins could stay depressed indefinitely. The industry has added capacity expecting renewable diesel demand that may not materialize without RVO clarity. This would turn a cyclical downturn into a structural problem, forcing ADM to permanently shrink its crush footprint and accept lower returns on invested capital.

The SEC/DOJ investigation represents a binary risk. While management is cooperating and the material weakness is resolved, a significant penalty or finding of intentional misconduct could damage customer relationships and management credibility. The $163 million Wilmar International Limited (F34) penalty in Q3 shows how legal issues can create sudden, material charges. This introduces a "black swan" element that standard valuation models cannot capture.

Trade policy uncertainty compounds the risk. While a potential China trade deal could boost soybean exports, the details remain vague. Juan Luciano's frustration is evident: "a lot of that is still in the air" regarding whether 12 million tons of soybeans will be sold versus shipped, and in what timeframe. This hand-to-mouth market behavior, where farmers and customers refuse to book long-term, prevents ADM from capturing margin through forward merchandising.

On the upside, the asymmetry is compelling. If biofuel policy finalizes and crush margins normalize toward historical $60-70 per ton levels, AS&O profits could rebound by $500-700 million annually. Combined with $200-300 million in cost savings and continued Nutrition growth, this could drive 2026 EPS toward $5.00-5.50, representing 50-60% upside from current guidance. The stock's 11.98x forward P/E multiple suggests this upside is not priced in.

Competitive Context: Scale Versus Specialization

ADM's competitive positioning reveals a tale of two strategies. Against Bunge Global SA (BG), ADM holds larger market share in Ag Services (37-44% versus Bunge's 26-32%) and greater North American dominance, but Bunge's recent Viterra merger has boosted its revenue scale and profitability momentum. Bunge's Q3 2025 adjusted EPS of $2.27 trounced ADM's $0.92, reflecting Bunge's stronger execution in the current environment. This highlights that ADM's integrated model, while defensible, is not immune to competitive pressure from a focused, well-executing rival.

In Carbohydrate Solutions, ADM's $336 million Q3 operating profit dwarfs Ingredion (INGR)'s $254 million, but Ingredion's 13.82% operating margin significantly exceeds ADM's segment margin. Ingredion's specialized focus allows superior margin discipline, while ADM's integration provides volume stability. This trade-off is significant for investors: ADM offers scale and diversification, but pure-plays can extract more profit per dollar of sales.

The Nutrition segment positions ADM against Darling Ingredients (DAR), where ADM's $1.9 billion quarterly revenue and 24% profit growth far exceed Darling's $1.6 billion revenue and modest EBITDA gains. ADM's global reach and origination advantages create a more scalable animal nutrition platform, while Darling's rendering focus offers niche sustainability credentials. This demonstrates ADM's ability to compete effectively in specialty ingredients while maintaining commodity scale.

Valuation Context: Pricing in the Trough

At $60.74 per share, ADM trades at 24.69x trailing earnings and 11.98x forward earnings, a significant discount to historical averages that typically ranged 15-18x forward earnings during stable periods. The 3.36% dividend yield, supported by a 82.52% payout ratio, reflects the company's commitment to returning cash even in downturns. This provides a floor for the stock while investors wait for the recovery story to unfold.

Cash flow multiples tell a more compelling story. The price-to-operating cash flow ratio of 4.80x and price-to-free cash flow of 6.21x are near historic lows, suggesting the market is valuing ADM on trough earnings rather than normalized cash generation. The enterprise value to EBITDA of 14.75x appears elevated only because EBITDA is depressed; if margins recover, this multiple would compress toward 10-11x, in line with industrial peers.

Relative to competitors, ADM's valuation appears reasonable but not cheap. Bunge trades at 10.33x forward earnings with higher ROE (9.76% vs ADM's 5.24%), reflecting its recent execution edge. Ingredion's 9.68x forward multiple and superior margins (25.43% gross vs ADM's 6.22%) show what a focused carbohydrate player can command. This suggests ADM's conglomerate discount is real—markets reward focus over diversification in the current environment.

The balance sheet provides strategic optionality. With $11 billion in available liquidity, net debt to EBITDA of just 1.8x, and no share repurchases year-to-date, ADM has dry powder for acquisitions, buybacks when margins recover, or simply weathering an extended downturn. This means the company won't be forced into dilutive equity raises or asset fire sales at cycle bottoms.

Conclusion: A Cyclical Turnaround with Structural Upside

ADM's investment thesis hinges on a simple proposition: the current margin depression is cyclical, not structural, and the company's self-help transformation will amplify the recovery when it arrives. The evidence supports this view. The 35% decline in AS&O profits stems directly from policy uncertainty, not permanent loss of market share. The Nutrition segment's 24% profit growth demonstrates ADM can compete in higher-value markets. The $500-750 million cost savings program shows management is willing to make hard choices.

The critical variables for 2026 are policy timing and execution velocity. If the EPA finalizes RVOs and 45Z guidance within the next 60-90 days, as management hopes, crush margins should begin normalizing in the first half of 2026. If the Alltech joint venture launches successfully and Decatur East reaches full utilization, Nutrition can maintain its double-digit growth trajectory. If cost savings hit the high end of guidance, ADM could see $600-800 million in incremental operating profit.

The risk/reward is asymmetric. Downside is limited by the 3.36% dividend yield, strong balance sheet, and the reality that global meal demand continues growing 6-8% annually, supporting long-term crush volumes. Upside could be 30-50% if margins normalize and the market re-rates the stock toward 15x forward earnings on recovered earnings power. For investors willing to endure near-term volatility and policy uncertainty, ADM offers a rare combination: a 123-year-old dividend aristocrat trading like a distressed cyclical, with a growth engine in Nutrition that could fundamentally reshape its earnings profile by decade's end.