Executive Summary / Key Takeaways

• Chubb Limited ($CB) delivered a record-breaking third quarter in 2025, with core operating income soaring 29% to $3 billion and EPS up 31% to $7.49, driven by exceptional underwriting, robust investment income, and strong life insurance segment growth.
• The company's global diversification across commercial and consumer P&C, life insurance, and reinsurance, combined with a disciplined underwriting approach, underpins its resilience and ability to generate superior, enduring earnings growth.
• Chubb's significant investment in digital and AI technologies is a core differentiator, enhancing operational efficiency, improving customer and distribution engagement, and contributing to its industry-leading expense ratio.
• Management projects sustained superior earnings growth, targeting a core operating return on tangible equity (ROTE) of 14% plus over the medium term, supported by expanding invested assets and strategic capital deployment, including increased share buybacks.
• Key risks include macroeconomic uncertainties, persistent social inflation, and catastrophe volatility, which the company actively manages through disciplined pricing, risk selection, and advanced modeling.

A Global Insurance Leader's Enduring Foundation

Chubb Limited, incorporated in 1985 and headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland, has evolved into a formidable global insurance and reinsurance organization. The company's strategic blueprint is built on a highly diversified portfolio spanning six core business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. This balanced geographic footprint, with roughly half of its operations in the U.S. and half internationally, provides a broad spectrum of opportunities for profitable growth and enables a disciplined approach to navigating dynamic commercial P&C cycles.

Chubb's history is marked by both organic expansion and strategic acquisitions, particularly in high-growth international markets. Notable recent moves include the acquisition of Liberty Mutual's P&C insurance businesses in Thailand and Vietnam, with the Thailand portion completed on April 1, 2025, for $321 million. This acquisition significantly bolsters Chubb's presence in Southeast Asia, making Thailand a market generating over $1 billion in premium revenue for the company. Additionally, Chubb increased its ownership in Huatai Group to approximately 87.20% by September 30, 2025, further solidifying its position in the Asian life insurance market.

Technological Edge: The Digital and AI Differentiator

A cornerstone of Chubb's competitive strategy and operational excellence is its substantial and ongoing investment in technological differentiation and innovation. The company allocates over $1 billion annually to technology, with approximately 50% to 55% dedicated to developing new capabilities and modernizing existing systems. These digital and AI initiatives are not merely incremental improvements; they are fundamentally transforming the company's operations and how it conducts business.

Chubb's core technology efforts yield tangible benefits across its value chain. They contribute directly to growth by enabling more efficient connections with customers and distribution partners, speeding up cycle times, and enhancing underwriting insights. For instance, the company's travel-related insurance business is now 100% digital, facilitating rapid growth. Chubb leverages a network of over 200 platform partners, including major players like Nubank (NU) in Latin America and Grab (GRAB) in Asia, to drive direct-to-consumer digital sales and innovative "click to engage" models.

The strategic intent behind these investments is clear: to maintain and, over time, further lower Chubb's already industry-leading expense ratio. AI capabilities are being developed to supplement human expertise, improve data analytics, and enhance decision-making across the enterprise. Recent operational examples include Healthy Paws (a Chubb company) partnering with Airvet for 24/7 veterinary telehealth access and with PetSmart to expand pet insurance accessibility. Furthermore, Chubb Studio, the company's digital integration platform, powers specialized offerings like watch insurance with WonderCare. A new engineering center in Bogotá, Colombia, slated to open in October 2025, will further bolster these technological capabilities and customer experience. For investors, this technological roadmap translates into a robust competitive moat, driving operational efficiency, expanding market access, and supporting long-term, profitable growth.

Competitive Landscape and Strategic Positioning

Chubb operates within a highly competitive global insurance market, contending with large multinational players such as American International Group (AIG), The Travelers Companies , Allstate Corporation , and the insurance subsidiaries of Berkshire Hathaway . Chubb's competitive standing is defined by its global diversification, disciplined underwriting, strong brand, extensive distribution networks, and specialized expertise.

In commercial P&C, Chubb's "industry practices" approach, offering tailored products and wordings, differentiates it from more generalized offerings. While large account property markets are experiencing increased competition and softening prices, Chubb maintains a disciplined stance, choosing to "shrink when we're not adequately paid." This contrasts with some competitors who may chase market share at the expense of underwriting margins. Chubb's middle market and small commercial segments, however, remain more disciplined, with rates continuing to rise, reflecting a "secular change" where larger, technologically advanced players are gaining ground from less equipped regional and mutual insurers.

Chubb's technological investments provide a distinct edge. Its digital platforms and AI capabilities enhance efficiency in claims processing, risk assessment, and customer engagement, allowing it to compete effectively against rivals. For instance, Chubb's focus on cyber risk insurance, supported by its advanced tech, positions it favorably in an increasingly critical market. While Berkshire Hathaway's (BRK.B) insurance operations boast immense scale and financial resources, Chubb's agility in niche markets and its broker-driven distribution model offer a different, yet potent, competitive advantage. Against U.S.-centric players like Travelers (TRV) and Allstate (ALL), Chubb's global reach and diversified risk pooling provide greater resilience to regional economic shifts and catastrophe events.

Financial Performance: A Story of Record Growth and Disciplined Underwriting

Chubb's financial performance in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 underscores its strategic effectiveness and operational prowess. The company reported a record third quarter, with net income attributable to Chubb surging 20.5% to $2.80 billion, and core operating income reaching an all-time high of $3.00 billion, up 29% from the prior year. This translated into record core operating EPS of $7.49, a 31% increase. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net income attributable to Chubb was $7.10 billion, an increase of 6%.

Consolidated net premiums written for the third quarter grew 7.5% to $14.87 billion, or 6.8% in constant dollars. Property & Casualty (P&C) net premiums written increased 5.3% to $12.93 billion (4.7% in constant dollars), with commercial insurance up 2.9% and consumer insurance up 10.1% in constant dollars. Life Insurance net premiums written saw a substantial 24.6% increase to $1.93 billion (23.5% in constant dollars), driven by strong international life growth, particularly in North Asia.

Underwriting results were exceptional, with a record P&C combined ratio of 81.8% in the third quarter, a significant improvement from 87.7% in the prior year. The current accident year (CAY) combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses also improved to 82.5%. While third-quarter catastrophe losses were lighter at $285 million, the nine-month period saw higher losses of $2.56 billion, primarily due to the California wildfires, which unfavorably impacted the combined ratio. Favorable prior period development contributed $361 million in the third quarter and $865 million for the nine months, reflecting the company's strong reserve position.

The investment portfolio continues to be a powerful earnings engine. Adjusted net investment income reached a record $1.65 billion in the third quarter, up 9.3%, and $4.78 billion for the nine months, up 9.4%. The fixed income portfolio yielded 5.1%, with new money rates averaging 5.2%. Chubb's strategy of increasing allocation to private investments, while introducing some quarterly variability, is expected to drive higher current yields and total internal rates of return.

Chubb maintains a robust capital and liquidity position. Operating cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, were $8.76 billion. Total assets stood at $270.21 billion and total shareholders' equity at $77.81 billion as of September 30, 2025. The company returned $1.6 billion to shareholders in the third quarter through dividends and $1.2 billion in share repurchases, reflecting management's belief that the stock trades "well below intrinsic value." Debt management remains prudent, with approximately $2.2 billion of new debt issued at a weighted average cost of 4% and an average term of 12 years in the third quarter.

Strategic Outlook and Forward Guidance

Chubb's management is confident in its ability to sustain superior earnings growth, projecting "double-digit growth in EPS, book and tangible book value and core operating ROE increasing to 14-plus percent over the medium term." This outlook is grounded in the enduring strength of its diversified earning power from P&C underwriting, investment income, and life insurance.

For the fourth quarter of 2025, adjusted net investment income is expected to be between $1.775 billion and $1.81 billion. Pre-tax interest expense for the remainder of 2025 is anticipated to be approximately $210 million, totaling $785 million for the full year, with a $5 million benefit from the amortization of acquired debt. The core operating effective tax rate for the full year 2025 is projected to be in the range of 19.5% to 20%. The acquisition of Liberty Insurance in Vietnam is slated for completion by early 2026, further extending Chubb's international reach.

Risks and Challenges

Despite its strong position, Chubb faces several pertinent risks. Macroeconomic uncertainties, including global trade policies, the potential for recession, and persistent inflation, could impact business and consumer confidence, affecting premium growth and investment returns. Social inflation and rising litigation costs, which Evan Greenberg noted run at 7% to 9% annually and represent approximately 2.5% of GDP, pose a continuous challenge to casualty lines.

Catastrophe risk remains an inherent volatility, with modeled losses subject to significant uncertainty, and the potential effects of climate change adding complexity. The California insurance market, in particular, presents ongoing challenges due to regulatory suppression of pricing, which discourages adequate risk-adjusted returns for perils like wildfires. Geopolitical tensions, such as those concerning China, also influence capital allocation decisions, with Chubb currently not planning additional capital investments in that region.

Conclusion

Chubb Limited stands as a testament to disciplined underwriting, strategic global diversification, and continuous innovation. Its record-breaking financial performance in 2025, marked by robust underwriting income, growing investment returns, and expanding life insurance operations, clearly illustrates the strength of its multi-faceted earning engines. The company's significant investment in digital and AI technologies is not merely a cost but a fundamental competitive advantage, driving efficiency, enhancing market access, and fortifying its position against rivals.

As Chubb pursues its ambitious target of a 14% plus core operating ROTE, its strategic focus on organic growth in specialized and middle markets, coupled with prudent capital management and increased share repurchases, positions it for sustained superior returns. While macroeconomic headwinds and industry-specific challenges like social inflation and catastrophe volatility persist, Chubb's deeply ingrained culture of discipline and its proactive approach to risk management and technological leadership provide a compelling investment thesis for long-term value creation.