Coeur Mining, Inc. (CDE)

Executive Summary / Key Takeaways

• From Capital Destruction to Cash Generation Machine: Coeur Mining has completed a dramatic transformation from a capital-intensive, debt-laden miner to a free cash flow powerhouse, generating roughly $2 million per day in Q3 2025 and on track for over $550 million in annual free cash flow—positioning the company for a net cash position by year-end, a stark reversal from its historical pattern of heavy investment and dilutive equity raises.

• Portfolio Rebalancing De-Risks the Business: The SilverCrest (SILV) acquisition and Rochester expansion have created an unprecedentedly balanced asset base where no single operation contributes more than roughly 25% of total revenue, compared to Palmarejo historically approaching 50%—spreading operating risk and creating predictable cash generation across multiple jurisdictions and metal streams.

• Silver Leverage Meets Structural Supply Deficit: With Rochester now operating as "America's largest source of domestically produced and refined silver" and silver prices surging 90% in 2025 (outpacing gold's 60% gain), CDE's projected 62% year-over-year silver production increase positions it uniquely to capture premium pricing in a market facing its fifth consecutive year of structural deficit.

• Operational Excellence Drives Margin Expansion: Despite a stronger Mexican peso and higher royalty obligations from elevated metal prices, management lowered cost guidance at three of five mines—demonstrating that disciplined cost controls and business improvement initiatives are creating durable margin expansion, not just benefiting from commodity price tailwinds.

• The New Gold (NGD) Acquisition: Scale or Distraction?: The pending $7 billion all-stock New Gold acquisition will create a top-10 global precious metals producer with $3 billion in projected 2026 EBITDA, but investors must weigh this scale advantage against execution risk and the possibility that management's M&A appetite could derail the newly established capital discipline.

Setting the Scene: A 98-Year-Old Miner Reinvents Itself

Coeur Mining, incorporated in 1928 and headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, has spent nearly a century navigating precious metals cycles. Yet the company that exists today bears little resemblance to its historical self. The transformation began in earnest in 2020 with the launch of the Rochester expansion project—a massive capital investment that would ultimately cost hundreds of millions but fundamentally alter the company's production profile and cost structure. This period of heavy investment, which saw $285 million deployed into exploration over five years, was the necessary prelude to the inflection point that began in the second half of 2024.

That inflection point—marked by $85 million in free cash flow, $80 million in debt reduction, and nearly $90 million in earnings—represented more than a quarterly beat. It signaled that Coeur had successfully transitioned from a development-stage story to a cash-generating machine. The March 2024 completion of the Rochester expansion and the February 2025 acquisition of SilverCrest Metals were the final pieces of a strategic puzzle that management had been assembling for years. This timing is significant because it positioned Coeur to capture the full benefit of a precious metals bull market that has seen silver prices reach all-time highs above $55 per ounce, driven by Federal Reserve rate cut expectations, industrial demand from solar and electronics, and a structural supply deficit exceeding 200 million ounces.

The industry structure plays directly into Coeur's hands. Precious metals mining is capital-intensive with high barriers to entry—permitting takes years, exploration success rates are low, and scale economies favor incumbents. Coeur's North American focus (100% owned U.S. assets plus Mexican operations) provides jurisdictional stability that pure-play Latin American peers like First Majestic and Endeavour Silver cannot match. Meanwhile, its silver-gold balance differentiates it from gold-heavy majors like Newmont (NEM) while providing more diversification than silver-pure Hecla . This positioning matters because it allows Coeur to attract both gold and silver investors, expanding its shareholder base and reducing single-metal volatility risk.

Operational Transformation: The Engine Behind Cash Flow

Rochester: America's Silver Powerhouse Comes Online

Rochester's transformation from a marginal operation to "America's largest source of domestically produced and refined silver" represents the single most important operational achievement in Coeur's recent history. The numbers tell a story of exponential improvement: Q3 2025 metal sales of $112.5 million represent a 100.9% increase year-over-year, while income from operations surged 1,136% to $35.1 million. But the "why" behind these numbers reveals the durability of this improvement.

The Rochester expansion wasn't simply about adding capacity—it was about re-engineering the entire extraction process. The three-stage crushing circuit, which management calls "job number 1," has driven average particle size down from a P80 of 0.92 inches in Q2 2025 to 0.84 inches in Q3, with recoveries tracking predictive models. Smaller crush size directly correlates with higher silver and gold recovery rates, which is significant because it translates more of the resource into saleable metal. The 24% increase in crushed tons in Q2 2025, followed by successful crusher corridor modifications in Q3, demonstrates that this isn't a one-time optimization but a continuous improvement process.

The financial implications extend beyond production metrics. Rochester achieved its first positive free cash flow quarter since 2019 in Q4 2024, contributing over $12 million, and generated $30 million in Q3 2025. This matters because Rochester's heap leach operation has inherently lower operating costs than underground mining, meaning that as it approaches steady-state production of 7-8 million tons placed quarterly, the margin leverage becomes substantial. Management's guidance for 2025—7.0 to 8.3 million ounces of silver and 60,000 to 75,000 ounces of gold—represents year-over-year increases of 75% and 72% respectively, positioning Rochester as the primary growth engine for the next two years.

Las Chispas: High-Grade Acquisition Delivers Immediately

The SilverCrest acquisition, completed in February 2025 for 239.33 million shares, has proven to be "well-timed M&A" that immediately up-tiered Coeur's portfolio. Las Chispas generated $126.1 million in metal sales in Q3 2025, its second full quarter, with free cash flow increasing 34% sequentially to $66 million. The mine's adjusted costs of $935 per gold ounce and $10.77 per silver ounce (after backing out purchase price allocation impacts) make it one of the lowest-cost operations in Coeur's portfolio.

This cost structure provides a margin buffer during metal price downturns and amplifies profitability during bull markets. The acquisition also brought $72 million in monetized cash and bullion in Q1 2025, which management used to accelerate debt reduction. The full integration completed in Q3 2025 means operational synergies can now be realized, particularly in sharing best practices with Palmarejo's Mexican operations.

Exploration success at Las Chispas adds optionality to the investment case. The discovery of the Augusta vein in the gap zone between Babicanora and Las Chispas zones, with multi-kilo silver intercepts remaining open in all directions, demonstrates that the 6-year mine life is extendable. Management's reoriented drilling program, focusing on near-mine expansion rather than regional exploration, increases the probability of resource additions that can be quickly converted to reserves and production.

Kensington and Wharf: Margin Expansion Through Execution

Kensington's transformation illustrates how operational discipline creates value. After completing a multi-year underground development program that doubled reserves since May 2022, the mine generated $31 million in free cash flow in Q3 2025—its highest quarterly cash flow in over six years. Gold production exceeded 27,000 ounces for the third consecutive quarter, while costs per ounce showed sequential improvement to $1,659. This consistency demonstrates that the heavy capital investment phase is complete, allowing the mine to now generate sustained free cash flow with a five-year visible mine life.

Wharf's performance similarly reflects operational excellence. The mine achieved its third consecutive quarter of increased production and lower costs, generating $54 million in free cash flow in Q3 2025. The 16% increase in quarterly gold production to 28,000 ounces, combined with a $125 per ounce reduction in cost guidance, shows that even mature open-pit operations can deliver margin expansion through better mining sequences and grade control. The doubling of M&I resources and tripling of inferred resources in 2024 indicates potential for material mine life extensions, which matters because it defers reclamation costs and maintains cash flow longer than market expectations.

Financial Performance: The Numbers Validate the Narrative

Coeur's Q3 2025 results provide compelling evidence that the transformation thesis is playing out. Record revenue of $555 million and operating cash flow of $238 million represent a 15% and 7% sequential increase, respectively. But the composition of this growth reveals its quality. The 7% increase in gold and silver ounces sold, combined with 4% and 15% increases in average realized prices, demonstrates both volume and pricing power—rare in cyclical mining.

Net income reached a record $266.8 million, or $0.41 per diluted share, compared to $70.7 million in Q2. While a $160 million tax benefit from U.S. deferred tax asset utilization boosted this figure, the underlying operational improvement is undeniable. More importantly, free cash flow generation of approximately $2 million per day shows the business is converting earnings into cash, a critical distinction for capital-intensive mining.

The balance sheet transformation is equally dramatic. Cash and equivalents more than doubled to $266 million, while total debt decreased nearly $250 million from Q2 2024 to below $400 million. The net leverage ratio fell to 0.1x, with management prepared to "declare victory" on achieving net debt to EBITDA of zero during Q4 2025—"nicely ahead of schedule." This deleveraging is crucial as it reduces interest expense (expected to be cut in half versus 2024's $51 million), provides financial flexibility for opportunistic investments, and positions the company to weather commodity downturns without dilutive equity raises.

Cost management across the portfolio demonstrates operational leverage. Despite a stronger Mexican peso and higher royalty obligations from elevated metal prices, Coeur lowered cost guidance at three of five mines. Palmarejo's CAS per silver ounce increased only 8% year-over-year despite these headwinds, while Rochester's CAS per gold and silver ounce decreased 8.8% and 16.7% respectively. This cost discipline, combined with higher prices, expanded margins and proves that management's "business improvement culture" is creating durable competitive advantages, not just temporary cost cuts.

Outlook and Guidance: Ambitious but Achievable

Management's updated 2025 guidance reflects confidence in the operational momentum. Full-year production guidance now anticipates 392,500 to 438,000 ounces of gold (20% year-over-year increase) and 17.1 to 19.15 million ounces of silver (62% increase). The midpoint of these ranges implies significant growth, but the key question is sustainability.

The guidance assumes gold prices of $3,411 per ounce and silver at $37.82—well above current levels but reflecting the bullish commodity environment. Management expects full-year EBITDA to exceed $1 billion and free cash flow to top $550 million, both higher than prior estimates. These targets are significant as they imply an EBITDA margin of approximately 45% at guided revenue levels, demonstrating the operating leverage inherent in the transformed asset base. Achieving $550 million in free cash flow on a current enterprise value of $11.2 billion would represent a 4.9% free cash flow yield—a reasonable valuation for a growing precious metals producer in a bull market.

The production mix shift toward silver is particularly important. Rochester's ramp to 7-8 million ounces of silver annually, combined with Las Chispas' 5.0-5.5 million ounces, positions Coeur as a top-tier silver producer. In an environment where silver industrial demand from solar and electronics remains robust while investment demand surges on Fed rate cut expectations, this silver leverage provides upside optionality that gold-heavy peers lack.

Execution risks remain. Rochester's guidance was revised downward slightly due to lower-than-planned crush tons, pushing some ounces into 2026. However, management's commentary that the operation is "making solid progress toward achieving steady state" and that crusher modifications in Q3 were "successful" suggests these are typical startup issues rather than fundamental problems. The key metric to monitor is crushed tons per quarter—if this reaches 7-8 million tons consistently, the 2026 step-up to full production capacity will be achievable.

Risks: What Could Break the Thesis

Mexico Tax Litigation: A Lingering Overhang

Coeur has been engaged in litigation with Mexican tax authorities since 2011 over $28.7 million in denied VAT refunds. The company is pursuing recovery through USMCA arbitration, but management acknowledges that "outcomes in arbitration and the process for recovering funds even if there is a successful outcome in arbitration can be lengthy and unpredictable." While the company wrote down the receivable in 2021, a favorable ruling could provide a material cash windfall. This represents potential upside with limited additional downside—a favorable asymmetric risk.

Rochester Ramp Execution

Rochester's path to steady-state production faces mechanical risks. The Q3 downtime for crusher corridor modifications, while successful, highlights the complexity of operating a 30+ million ton per year crushing circuit. Management noted "premature beltway challenges in the secondary reclaim feeder" requiring Q4 modifications. Rochester represents the largest production growth driver, and any extended downtime would materially impact 2026 free cash flow expectations. However, the fact that the team achieved 6.7 million crushed tons in Q2 and successfully implemented improvements suggests these are normal commissioning issues rather than design flaws.

Commodity Price Volatility

Coeur's transformation assumes sustained elevated metal prices. Management's guidance uses $3,200 gold and $32 silver—prices that could reverse if Fed policy shifts or global recession reduces industrial demand. While the debt-free balance sheet provides cushion, a 20% price decline would compress margins significantly, particularly at higher-cost operations like Kensington ($1,700-1,800 per ounce CAS). The silver leverage that provides upside in bull markets becomes downside risk in bear markets. However, Coeur's diversified portfolio and low net leverage ratio of 0.1x provide more resilience than single-asset or highly leveraged peers.

New Gold Integration Risk

The pending $7 billion all-stock acquisition of New Gold, announced in November 2025, represents a massive scale-up to seven operations and $3 billion in projected 2026 EBITDA. While the transaction creates a top-10 global precious metals producer, it also reintroduces integration risk and potential for management distraction just as the existing portfolio hits its stride. The all-stock structure preserves cash but dilutes shareholders, and the success of the deal will depend on realizing synergies while maintaining the operational discipline that drove the current transformation.

Competitive Context and Valuation

At $17.27 per share, Coeur trades at an enterprise value of $11.2 billion, or 15.94x TTM EBITDA and 6.59x revenue. These multiples appear elevated versus historical mining valuations but reflect the company's transformed cash generation profile. Compared to direct peers, Coeur's valuation tells a story of quality differentiation.

Hecla Mining (HL), the largest primary silver producer in the U.S., trades at 20.97x EBITDA and 9.33x revenue despite generating lower quarterly free cash flow ($90 million vs. Coeur's $188 million). Hecla's higher multiples reflect its pure silver leverage but also its concentration risk—Coeur's diversified portfolio arguably deserves a premium for stability.

Pan American Silver (PAAS), with larger scale but more Latin American exposure, trades at 14.48x EBITDA and 5.91x revenue, generating record free cash flow of $251.7 million in Q3. Coeur's slightly higher multiple reflects its U.S. asset base and faster recent cash flow acceleration.

First Majestic (AG) and Endeavour Silver (EXK) trade at higher multiples despite operational challenges and losses, highlighting Coeur's relative quality. AG's 18.74x EBITDA and 7.34x revenue come with a 108.79 P/E ratio and 7.07% profit margin, while EXK trades at 54.70x EBITDA with negative margins. Coeur's 24.32 P/E and 24.03% profit margin demonstrate superior profitability.

The valuation context suggests that Coeur trades at a modest premium to diversified peers but a discount to its underlying cash generation quality. With a forward P/E of 27.41 and price-to-free-cash-flow of 30.10, the market is pricing in continued execution but not the full potential of Rochester's ramp or Las Chispas' exploration upside. The 1.33 beta indicates moderate volatility, appropriate for a precious metals producer with operational leverage.

Conclusion: A New Paradigm for Precious Metals Investing

Coeur Mining has engineered a fundamental shift from a capital-consuming development story to a cash-returning machine, generating roughly $2 million per day in free cash flow with a clear path to net debt zero by year-end. This transformation, driven by the Rochester expansion and SilverCrest acquisition, has created an unprecedentedly balanced portfolio where no single operation dominates, spreading risk while maintaining exposure to silver's structural supply deficit.

The investment thesis hinges on two critical variables: Rochester's execution toward steady-state production and management's ability to maintain capital discipline amid the New Gold acquisition. If Rochester consistently delivers 7-8 million crushed tons quarterly, the 2026 step-up to full capacity will drive material free cash flow growth. If management integrates New Gold while preserving the cost controls that enabled guidance reductions at three mines, the combined entity will command a premium valuation.

The silver leverage provides upside optionality in a market facing its fifth consecutive year of deficit, while the debt-free balance sheet offers downside protection. At $17.27, the stock prices in continued execution but not exploration success or M&A synergies. For investors seeking exposure to precious metals with operational excellence and financial strength, Coeur represents a compelling risk/reward proposition—provided management's transformation narrative continues delivering measurable cash flow rather than just promises.