Executive Summary / Key Takeaways

• Coda Octopus Group is strategically leveraging its proprietary real-time 3D imaging sonar (Echoscope) and augmented reality diving technology (DAVD) to capture opportunities in the growing global defense and subsea markets, aiming to pivot towards a multi-year, multi-sale revenue model.
• Recent financial results for Q2 2025 demonstrated strong top-line growth, with consolidated revenue increasing 31.8% to $7.02 million, significantly boosted by the recent acquisition of Precision Acoustics Limited (PAL) and growth in the core Marine Technology business.
• While Q2 2025 profitability was impacted by temporary factors, including unusually high commission costs on specific volume sales and unfavorable foreign exchange translation, the underlying operational performance and strategic trajectory remain focused on higher-margin opportunities.
• Key growth catalysts include the imminent launch of the compact NanoGen sonar series, the progression of the DAVD untethered system towards initial adoption orders ($800k order for 16 systems in Q1 2025), expanding adoption of the tethered DAVD variant within the US Navy, and opportunities in emerging applications like ship hull scanning.
• The company maintains a strong balance sheet with $24.46 million in cash and no debt as of April 30, 2025, providing financial flexibility to pursue strategic initiatives, including a targeted larger acquisition in fiscal year 2025 aimed at expanding group capabilities for defense contracts.

Setting the Subsea Stage: A Niche Innovator's Strategic Depth

Coda Octopus Group, founded in 1994, has carved a distinct identity within the complex underwater technology and defense sectors. The company operates through three primary segments: the foundational Marine Technology Business, the long-standing Marine Engineering Business, and the recently acquired Acoustic Sensors and Materials Business (PAL). At its heart, CODA is a technology innovator, focused on developing and deploying solutions that provide critical real-time intelligence in challenging subsea environments. This strategic focus positions the company to capitalize on significant industry trends, including the projected growth of the unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV) market from $4.8 billion in 2024 to $11.1 billion by 2030, driven by increasing maritime threats and the demand for cost-effective, low-risk technologies.

The company's history is marked by the development of proprietary technologies that address fundamental limitations of traditional underwater operations, particularly the lack of real-time visibility and situational awareness in low-visibility conditions. This technological leadership forms the bedrock of CODA's strategy to transition from relying on potentially lumpy, project-based sales to securing more predictable, recurring revenue streams, especially within the global defense market. While macroeconomic factors, policy shifts, and geopolitical developments introduce volatility, CODA's differentiated offerings and strategic initiatives aim to provide resilience and long-term growth potential.

The Technological Edge: Illuminating the Underwater World

CODA's competitive moat is fundamentally built upon its differentiated technology, most notably the Echoscope® and DAVD systems. The Echoscope is the world's first and highest-resolution real-time volumetric 3D imaging sonar. Unlike traditional sonars that produce 2D slices or require post-processing, the Echoscope generates a complete 3D image from each acoustic transmission, enabling real-time decision-making underwater, even in zero visibility. This capability is crucial for applications ranging from complex underwater construction and cable laying (where it has become a standard solution, enabling significantly faster block placement and predicting cable touchdown points) to critical defense missions like Mine Countermeasures and infrastructure protection. The Echoscope's uniqueness as a single sensor capable of multiple activities also offers a significant advantage in addressing Size, Weight, and Power (SWaP) constraints on underwater vehicles by consolidating sensor requirements.

Innovation continues with the imminent launch of the NanoGen series, a next-generation compact 3D sonar. These sonars, described as "a shade bigger than an iPhone," represent a significant technological leap, reducing the size of the Echoscope by two-thirds. This miniaturization removes previous form factor and pricing barriers, enabling seamless integration with smaller next-generation underwater vehicles, easy deployment by divers (hand-carried or worn), and mounting on a wider variety of robotic platforms. The NanoGen series is strategically positioned to address emerging segments across defense, commercial, and robotic underwater applications.

Complementing the Echoscope is the DAVD (Diver Augmented Vision Display) system, an advanced augmented reality technology for divers. The DAVD enhances diver safety, performance, and situational awareness by seamlessly integrating real-time data, on-demand information, and Echoscope 3D sonar imagery directly into the diver's field of vision via a head-up display. The tethered variant is already operational across over twelve US Navy commands, with management reporting annual budgeting and purchases for this product line, often bundled with Echoscope sales. The untethered variant (DUS) represents the largest market opportunity, with over 14,000 potential users in the USA alone across various defense and public safety communities. Significant progress has been made under the DUS Hardening Program, including the delivery of the Gen 4 DAVD head-up display, which boasts a more compact design and a 200% increase in resolution, enhancing compatibility with specialized dive masks. This progress led to a pivotal first order for 16 DUS systems ($800,000) in Q1 2025 for field trials and pre-adoption, a critical step towards broader deployment. The company is also integrating other sensors into the DAVD ecosystem through ongoing development projects, further solidifying its position as a central information platform for divers.

Beyond these core technologies, CODA has developed the Voice HUB-4.0, a digital audio communication system spun off from DAVD, offering superior quality digital voice communications underwater with AI-driven features, which has been purchased by NAVSEA and targets commercial and public safety markets. The company also developed a comprehensive Ship Hull Scanning solution embedding Echoscope and DAVD, addressing a technology white space for detecting unauthorized attachments, which is currently undergoing formal evaluation by the US Navy.

These technological advancements and their quantifiable benefits are central to CODA's strategy. They enable the company to offer unique solutions that improve operational efficiency, enhance safety, and provide capabilities unmatched by traditional methods, thereby supporting higher margins and driving adoption in high-value markets like defense.

Competitive Positioning: Niche Strength Against Scale

CODA operates in a competitive landscape dominated by larger, more diversified defense and technology companies such as Teledyne Technologies (TDY), L3Harris Technologies (LHX), and Raytheon Technologies (RTX). While these competitors possess greater scale, broader portfolios, and deeper integration into large defense platforms, CODA strategically differentiates itself through its specialized, high-performance proprietary technology and focused market approach.

Comparing key financial metrics (TTM data), CODA exhibits a Gross Profit Margin of 67.11%, notably higher than TDY (43%), LHX (26%), and RTX (19%), reflecting the premium nature and lower direct costs associated with its specialized technology and rental business mix. CODA's Operating Profit Margin (15.06%) and Net Profit Margin (15.04%) are competitive, sitting within the range of these larger players (TDY Op Margin 17%, Net Margin 14%; LHX Op Margin 9%, Net Margin 7%; RTX Op Margin 8%, Net Margin 6%). This demonstrates CODA's ability to translate its technological advantage into healthy profitability despite its smaller scale.

However, CODA's smaller size presents vulnerabilities. Its operating costs can be higher relative to revenue compared to scaled competitors, and its R&D investment, while significant for its size (historically around 6-11% of revenue), may not match the absolute dollar spend of larger rivals, potentially leading to slower development cycles in some areas. The concentration of opportunities with prime defense contractors also exposes CODA to the long and unpredictable government procurement process, a risk less impactful for diversified giants like RTX or LHX.

CODA's competitive strategy is not to compete head-to-head across the entire spectrum but to leverage its technological edge in specific high-value niches. The Echoscope's real-time 3D imaging and the DAVD's augmented reality capabilities offer performance metrics (e.g., imaging speed, resolution, data integration) that provide a tangible advantage in targeted applications like complex subsea construction, specialized diving missions, and emerging areas like ship hull scanning. This allows CODA to capture market share in these segments despite the presence of larger players. The acquisition of PAL adds complementary acoustic expertise, positioning the group to collectively compete for larger defense contracts that require a broader set of capabilities. While indirect competitors offering cheaper, lower-resolution alternatives exist (e.g., satellite mapping), CODA's technology addresses the critical need for high-resolution, real-time data in challenging environments where these alternatives fall short.

The company's customer dynamics, particularly its relationships with the US Navy and prime defense contractors, are central to its positioning. Securing design wins and recurring orders within defense programs is a key strategic objective, aiming to build a more stable revenue base akin to the preferred supplier status enjoyed by the Marine Engineering business within its mission-critical systems programs.

Recent Performance: Navigating Headwinds with Top-Line Strength

Coda Octopus Group's recent financial performance reflects a business navigating a complex global environment while executing its growth strategy. For the second quarter ended April 30, 2025, consolidated net revenue increased significantly by 31.8% to $7.02 million compared to $5.32 million in the prior-year quarter. This growth was driven by contributions from the newly acquired PAL business, which added $1.30 million (18.5% of consolidated revenue), and a 10.0% increase in revenue from the core Marine Technology Business to $3.88 million. The Marine Engineering Business also saw a modest 2.3% increase in revenue to $1.84 million.

The Marine Technology Business growth in Q2 was notable, fueled by a 65.5% increase in hardware sales to $3.32 million, particularly strong performance in Asia (up 105.4% to $2.20 million) and the U.S. (up 122.1% to $1.42 million, including $1.24 million in DAVD tethered systems sales). However, this segment experienced a significant decrease in rental and associated services revenue (down 75.9% to $168,791), attributed by management to reduced offshore renewables activity in Europe stemming from changes in U.S. policy.

Profitability in Q2 2025 faced pressure. Consolidated gross margin decreased to 64.1% from 70.2% in the prior-year quarter. The Marine Technology Business saw its gross margin contract to 67.7% from 80.2%. This margin compression was primarily due to an unfavorable sales mix (higher hardware vs. rentals) and a substantial 195.2% increase in consolidated commission costs to $390,384, driven by a specific volume sale in Asia that triggered a higher-than-usual commission rate. Management views this as an exceptional circumstance not expected to persist unless similar volume sales occur.

Total operating expenses increased by 42.8% to $3.41 million, largely due to the inclusion of PAL's operating costs (adding 29.5%) and the impact of foreign currency translation as the U.S. dollar weakened against the British Pound and Danish Kroner, increasing translated costs and resulting in significant non-cash exchange rate adjustment charges within SG&A. Consequently, operating income decreased by 19.5% to $1.09 million, and the operating margin compressed to 15.5% from 25.4%. Net income for the quarter was $908,762, down 35.8%. However, comprehensive income, which includes foreign currency translation adjustments, was $2.71 million, reflecting a favorable $1.80 million gain from FX movements.

For the six months ended April 30, 2025, consolidated revenue increased 25.0% to $12.23 million. Gross margin was 64.8%, down from 69.8%. Operating income decreased 8.2% to $1.75 million, and net income decreased 10.9% to $1.82 million. These trends largely mirrored the Q2 dynamics, with PAL contributing to revenue growth while margin and operating income were impacted by sales mix, commission costs, and FX.

Financially, CODA maintains a robust balance sheet. As of April 30, 2025, the company held $24.46 million in cash and cash equivalents with no outstanding debt on its $4.00 million revolving line of credit.

Cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended April 30, 2025, was $2.10 million. This strong liquidity position provides ample flexibility to fund ongoing operations, R&D initiatives, and strategic M&A.

Outlook and Strategic Momentum: Building for Long-Term Growth

Management's outlook for fiscal year 2025 is characterized by cautious optimism, balancing near-term uncertainties with confidence in the long-term growth potential driven by strategic execution. While macroeconomic factors and policy uncertainty are expected to continue influencing the operating environment, particularly impacting the timing of defense orders, management believes the shifts in global policy, such as increased European defense spending and a potential focus on domestic U.S. Oil & Gas, are ultimately favorable for the business.

Key initiatives are progressing towards significant milestones expected to drive future revenue. The NanoGen series launch is imminent, poised to open new market segments for the Echoscope. The DAVD program is gaining traction, with the tethered variant expanding its operational footprint within the US Navy (now over 12 commands) and the untethered variant moving into pre-adoption trials following the $800,000 order for 16 systems in Q1 2025. Management is targeting $4 million to $4.5 million in total DAVD revenue for FY25, a significant increase from prior years, and sees continued pull-through sales opportunities for the Echoscope within DAVD programs. Opportunities in the Ship Hull Scanning application are also advancing through evaluation, with management seeing global market potential once safety assessments are complete. The Marine Engineering business expects a production order for its Thermite program in 2025.

Financially, management anticipates that the exceptional factors impacting Marine Technology margins in Q2 2025 will normalize, leading to stronger margins in the future as rental utilization picks up and sales mix potentially shifts. They expect the Marine Technology business to continue its positive trajectory seen in Q2, with Q3 and Q4 revenues for that segment expected to be "within the balance" of the Q2 figure. Overall SG&A as a percentage of sales is anticipated to be slightly lower in the back half of FY25. Wages and salaries are expected to increase materially on a full-year basis in FY25 due to planned recruitment and team expansion. Interest income from certified deposits is expected to remain material.

A core component of the forward strategy is M&A. Following the successful acquisition of PAL in FY24, which added diversification and capabilities, CODA is actively pursuing another, larger acquisition target with a price around $14 million. While due diligence on this specific target has been temporarily paused pending greater clarity on the global policy environment, the M&A strategy remains a priority for FY25, aimed at further expanding group capabilities, particularly for larger defense contracts, and accelerating the pivot to a multi-year, multi-sale revenue model.

Risks and Challenges: Navigating Uncertainty

Despite the promising outlook and strategic momentum, CODA faces several pertinent risks. Macroeconomic volatility, including inflation and interest rate fluctuations, can impact operational costs and customer demand. Changes in U.S. trade policy, including tariffs, could affect the cost of imported components or dampen global demand for products. Foreign exchange rate fluctuations pose a risk, impacting translated financial results and the value of foreign currency holdings.

The concentration of business opportunities within the defense sector, particularly with prime contractors and the DOD, means that delays in government budget appropriations or shifts in spending priorities can lead to unpredictable sales cycles and affect order timing, as seen in FY24 and early FY25. The situation with China presents challenges not only for sales but also for the supply chain, with components potentially being blacklisted.

Management is actively implementing mitigation strategies, including leveraging opportunities in the U.S. Oil & Gas sector to offset reduced offshore renewables demand, focusing on increasing defense spending in Europe, and utilizing the diversification provided by the PAL acquisition. The effort to secure more direct contracts with the DOD in the Marine Engineering business also aims to reduce reliance on prime contractors. While these strategies aim to build resilience, the inherent uncertainties of the global policy and defense procurement environments remain significant factors for investors to monitor.

Conclusion

Coda Octopus Group stands as a niche technology leader poised to capitalize on significant opportunities within the growing global subsea and defense markets. Its proprietary Echoscope and DAVD technologies provide unique, quantifiable advantages that address critical operational needs and form a strong competitive moat against larger, more diversified rivals. While recent financial performance in Q2 2025 showed robust top-line growth driven by strategic execution and the PAL acquisition, profitability was temporarily impacted by specific, non-recurring factors and unfavorable FX movements.

Looking ahead, the investment thesis hinges on the successful execution of key strategic initiatives: the launch and adoption of the NanoGen series, the progression of the DAVD untethered system into broader deployment, continued expansion of the tethered DAVD variant, and the realization of potential in emerging applications like ship hull scanning. The company's strong balance sheet provides the financial flexibility to pursue these organic growth avenues and execute its M&A strategy, which aims to further enhance capabilities and accelerate the shift towards a more stable, multi-year, multi-sale revenue model. While risks related to policy uncertainty, defense spending volatility, and macroeconomic factors persist, CODA's differentiated technology and focused strategic approach position it to potentially unlock significant value for shareholders as global defense budgets increase and the demand for advanced subsea intelligence grows.