Executive Summary / Key Takeaways

• Strategic Diversification and Growth: Gran Tierra Energy has transformed into a premier diversified oil and gas producer with core assets in Colombia, Ecuador, and Canada, underpinned by the strategic i3 Energy Plc acquisition. This diversification provides resilience against regional and commodity-specific volatilities, positioning the company for sustained production growth.
• Operational Excellence Driving Efficiency: GTE's focus on advanced drilling techniques and waterflood management is yielding tangible benefits, including significant cost reductions and enhanced reservoir performance, directly contributing to improved operating netbacks and production ramp-ups across its portfolio.
• Strengthening Financial Foundation: The company is proactively addressing its debt maturity profile through strategic financing initiatives, including a new $200 million prepayment facility, while targeting substantial gross debt reduction and a net debt to EBITDA ratio below 1x by 2027.
• Compelling Valuation and Shareholder Returns: Trading at a significant discount to its net asset value, Gran Tierra is committed to returning capital to shareholders through an active share repurchase program, allocating 50% of additional free cash flow to buybacks.
• Future Growth Catalysts: Beyond current operations, GTE is pursuing high-impact exploration in Ecuador to fulfill commitments and evaluating a potentially transformative, large-scale entry into Azerbaijan, signaling a long-term vision for material reserve and production expansion.

Gran Tierra's Evolving Horizon: A Diversified Energy Play

Gran Tierra Energy Inc., founded in 2003, has steadily built its presence as an oil and natural gas exploration and production company, initially focusing on Colombia and later expanding into Ecuador. This foundational presence in Latin America has been characterized by a commitment to developing established reserves and pursuing high-impact exploration. The company's strategic trajectory took a significant leap with the acquisition of i3 Energy Plc on October 31, 2024, a move that diversified GTE's asset base into Canada and fundamentally reshaped its operational and financial landscape.

This acquisition was not merely an expansion but a deliberate pivot, positioning Gran Tierra as a "premier diversified oil and gas company" with a balanced portfolio across three distinct regions. The overarching strategy for 2025 and beyond is clear: shift from "resource capture" to focused "execution, production growth, and debt payoff." This involves unlocking the full potential of its expanded portfolio, which now boasts substantial 1P and 2P reserves, and leveraging its high operatorship (100% in most South American blocks and 77% in Canada) to maintain capital allocation flexibility.

The broader energy industry faces dynamic shifts, including commodity price volatility and the ongoing energy transition. Brent oil prices averaged $66.71 per barrel in Q2 2025, a 22% decrease from Q2 2024, impacting revenues. However, GTE's diversified portfolio and strategic hedging aim to mitigate these impacts. Notably, the company anticipates a "net positive" impact from potential tariffs, as tightening heavy crude differentials in South America are expected to offset any negative effects in Canada. The natural gas market, particularly in Western Canada, is expected to remain "choppy" in 2025 but holds a "long-term bullish" outlook for GTE, with major LNG projects like LNG Canada expected to alleviate depressed prices.

Technological Edge and Operational Excellence

Gran Tierra's competitive advantage is deeply rooted in its operational acumen and the application of modern technology to enhance efficiency and maximize recovery. While not a developer of new, disruptive energy technologies, GTE excels in the practical application of advanced drilling techniques and sophisticated reservoir management. This operational "technology" translates directly into quantifiable benefits and a stronger competitive moat.

In Colombia, the Cohembi North pad program exemplifies this, with average drilling costs reduced by an impressive 47% compared to the previous operator's historical costs. This efficiency gain directly impacts capital expenditure and improves project economics. Similarly, the Iguana B1 well in Ecuador was drilled and completed in "record time and under budget," setting a new pacesetter for the company's exploration campaigns. These achievements underscore GTE's ability to execute complex drilling operations more efficiently than its peers.

Reservoir management, particularly waterflooding, is another critical technological differentiator. At Acordionero, the company achieved record total fluid production of 89,400 barrels per day and water injection of 85,000 barrels per day in Q2 2025. This proactive waterflood management, including pump upsizing and enhanced surface capacity, resulted in a 5% increase in field production from Q1 2025 to 14,200 barrels of oil per day. The strong waterflood response at Cohembi, with gross production increasing by 2,600 barrels of oil per day in the northern area, further highlights the efficacy of these techniques. Furthermore, the interpretation of high-quality 3D seismic data over the Charapa Block in Ecuador is crucial for delineating reserves and underpinning future drilling locations, showcasing a commitment to data-driven reservoir optimization.

For investors, these operational efficiencies and technological applications are paramount. They directly contribute to lower operating costs per barrel, improved capital efficiency, and sustained production growth, even in mature fields. This enhances profitability and cash flow generation, allowing GTE to reinvest more effectively and accelerate its debt reduction targets, thereby strengthening its financial position and long-term value proposition.

A Diversified Portfolio: Regional Strengths

Gran Tierra's operational footprint spans three distinct and strategically important regions, each contributing uniquely to the company's overall performance and growth trajectory.

Colombia: Stabilizing Core Production

Colombia remains a cornerstone of Gran Tierra's operations. In Q2 2025, the segment reported $109.69 million in oil, natural gas, and NGL sales, contributing $67.53 million to segmented earnings. Production (NAR) averaged 21,263 BOEPD. While sales and production saw a decrease from Q2 2024, this was primarily due to lower Brent prices. Operating netback was $34.72 per BOE. Management's efforts in Cohembi, including a 5-well North pad program, have been highly successful, with water injection leading to a 2,600 bopd increase in the northern area. The Costayaco-63 and Costayaco-64 development wells exceeded expectations, producing 800 bopd (48% water cut) and 1,300 bopd (13% water cut), respectively. At Acordionero, waterflood optimization has driven production to 14,200 bopd in Q2 2025, up from 13,800 bopd in Q1. The company expects its 2025 program to stabilize Colombian production, offsetting natural declines. Operating costs per BOE decreased by 22% in Q2 2025 compared to Q2 2024, reaching the lowest level since early 2022, despite higher overall operating expenses due to new Canadian operations and ramp-up in Ecuador. This reduction was primarily driven by lower workover activities and reduced lifting costs.

Ecuador: High-Impact Exploration and Future Development

Ecuador is a key growth engine, with Q2 2025 sales of $8.50 million and segmented earnings of $3.93 million. Production (NAR) surged to 3,228 BOEPD, a remarkable 242.7% increase from Q2 2024, driven by successful exploration. The Iguana B1 and B2 wells marked GTE's 10th discovery in Ecuador since 2019, with combined 30-day average production of 1,684 bopd. The Charapa-B7 well, spud in August 2024, achieved an impressive initial 30-day rate of 2,043 bopd. The company is on track to fulfill its exploration commitments by year-end 2025 with the final two Conejo wells. Management is "quite excited" about the "fantastic reservoirs" in Ecuador, anticipating ramp-up in the second half of 2025 and "the next few years" through waterflooding and field development plan approvals. Unit costs are expected to decrease as more permanent facilities and gas power generation come online.

Canada: Diversification and Unconventional Potential

The i3 Energy Plc acquisition, completed in October 2024, established Canada as a new, significant segment. In Q2 2025, Canada contributed $34.29 million in sales and $17.55 million in segmented earnings, with production (NAR) averaging 15,309 BOEPD. The segment's production mix in Q2 2025 was 26% oil, 24% NGLs, and 50% natural gas. The Simonette Montney program is outperforming, with the first two Lower Montney wells exceeding type curve expectations. The third and fourth wells are expected to come online in Q4 2025. This segment adds 253 net booked drilling locations, including prolific Montney and Clearwater plays, and significantly boosts GTE's reserves, with Canada now representing 46% of 1P and 51% of 2P reserves. The company is focusing on oil-weighted opportunities in the near term, with Canada expected to be cash flow neutral in 2025. The long-term outlook for Canadian natural gas is bullish, anticipating relief from depressed prices as LNG Canada comes online.

Overall, while South America (Colombia and Ecuador combined) is expected to remain the majority contributor to adjusted EBITDA for the time being, Canada's growing contribution provides crucial diversification and long-term growth potential, particularly in a more robust gas price environment.

Financial Fortitude and Strategic Capital Allocation

Gran Tierra's financial performance in Q2 2025 reflected a dynamic market, with a net loss of $12.74 million compared to a net income of $36.37 million in Q2 2024. This shift was primarily driven by a 22% decrease in Brent oil prices and lower sales volumes from Q1 2025, partially offset by increased sales volumes year-over-year and lower differentials. Total oil, natural gas, and NGL sales for Q2 2025 were $152.48 million. Adjusted EBITDA stood at $76.99 million, and funds flow from operations (FFO) was $53.91 million. Despite the Brent price decrease, the company's cash netback only decreased by 1% from the prior quarter, highlighting portfolio resiliency.

As of June 30, 2025, Gran Tierra held $61.03 million in cash and cash equivalents. The company's liquidity is further bolstered by available credit facilities, including a C$100.0 million Canadian credit facility (C$50.0 million available commitment) and a new US$75.0 million Colombian reserve-based lending (RBL) facility, of which US$24.5 million was drawn in Q2 2025. The company successfully repaid the remaining $24.8 million of its 6.25% Senior Notes due February 2025.

A key strategic financial move, announced subsequent to Q2, is the signing of a mandate letter for a $200 million prepayment facility backed by crude oil deliveries. This facility, expected to close and fund in Q3 2025, is designed to enhance financial flexibility, support long-term capital planning, and optimize the debt maturity profile, particularly addressing the $186 million amortization due in 2026. Management emphasizes a "very low negative carry" on this transaction, making it a proactive and cost-effective solution. Gran Tierra's long-term financial targets include reducing gross debt to $600 million by the end of 2026 and $500 million by the end of 2027, aiming for a net debt to EBITDA ratio of less than one times.

Capital allocation is disciplined, with Q2 2025 capital expenditures at $51.17 million, lower than the $94.73 million in Q1 2025. The 2025 capital program was front-loaded, and the company targets $20 million in free cash flow for the year, primarily driven by lower capital expenditures in the second half. Share repurchases remain a "key pillar" of shareholder returns, with 1.18 million shares repurchased from November 2024 to July 2025 under the 2024 program. The company plans to allocate 50% of any additional free cash flow to debt reduction and 50% to share repurchases, reflecting a commitment to narrowing the significant discount at which its stock trades relative to its net asset value.

Competitive Positioning: A Niche Powerhouse

Gran Tierra operates as a niche, independent player in the oil and gas exploration and production sector, primarily in Colombia and Ecuador, with a growing presence in Canada. Its market positioning is moderate compared to larger, more established competitors.

Against Ecopetrol , Colombia's state-owned giant, GTE operates on a smaller scale. Ecopetrol benefits from government backing, providing regulatory advantages, broader infrastructure, and economies of scale, leading to stronger profitability and efficiency. GTE, however, differentiates itself through agility and focused operational execution in targeted exploration and development areas. Its ability to achieve significant cost reductions in drilling, as seen in Cohembi, highlights a unique value proposition in efficiency for independent projects. While GTE may lack Ecopetrol's (EC) scale and financial depth, its operational flexibility allows for faster decision-making and potentially lower overheads in its specific areas of focus.

Compared to GeoPark , another independent explorer in Latin America, GTE's strategy emphasizes more established reserves in Colombia and Ecuador, potentially offering greater production stability. GeoPark is known for its aggressive pursuit of new opportunities and technical expertise in frontier regions. GTE's competitive edge lies in its disciplined execution in proven areas and its strong reservoir management, which provides reliability in reserve management. While GeoPark (GPRK) might lead in innovation speed for emerging plays, GTE's focus on cost efficiency in core operations ensures comparable financial health, albeit with potentially less diversified project cash flows.

Against global major Occidental Petroleum , GTE is a regional specialist. Occidental benefits from vast financial resources, superior technological capabilities for enhanced recovery, and a broader global footprint. GTE's offerings are more tailored to Latin American operational complexities, such as environmental compliance, where its regional expertise provides a qualitative advantage. GTE's cost leadership in exploration and development, as evidenced by its drilling efficiencies, allows it to compete effectively in niche markets. However, GTE's smaller scale and potential technological gaps in advanced recovery methods could limit its growth rates and profitability compared to Occidental's (OXY) robust financial and technological prowess.

GTE's competitive advantages, or "moats," include its deep regional expertise in Latin America, which fosters strong local relationships and efficient operations, potentially leading to recurring revenue and superior margins. Its cost leadership, driven by operational efficiencies, helps it compete against larger players with higher overheads. Established regulatory licenses also act as significant barriers to entry, protecting its market position. However, GTE's smaller scale makes it vulnerable to market fluctuations and limits its bargaining power. High customer concentration, with two major customers representing 85% of total sales volumes in Q2 2025, also poses a risk. The impact of the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion in Canada, adding significant crude volumes, is a notable competitive dynamic, as it creates a "natural competitor" for Colombian and Ecuadorian crudes, influencing differentials. Indirect competition from renewable energy firms and infrastructure providers like MYR Group (MYRG), which support electrification, could also indirectly pressure GTE's market share by accelerating the energy transition.

Outlook and Risks: Charting the Course Ahead

Gran Tierra's outlook for 2025 is anchored by its production guidance of 47,000 to 53,000 BOE per day. Management is confident in achieving the upper end of this range, contingent on "no disruptions" from external factors like blockades or infrastructure issues. The company's capital program was front-loaded in the first half of 2025, and the primary driver for generating free cash flow in the second half is "lower CapEx," a testament to efficient execution. Canada is expected to be "cash flow neutral" in 2025, focusing on oil-weighted opportunities. Looking beyond 2025, GTE aims for 5-10% production growth annually, supported by a planned 8-10 well drilling program at Acordionero in 2026 and the fulfillment of Ecuador's exploration commitments by year-end 2025, paving the way for development. The potential entry into Azerbaijan, aiming for multi-Tcf gas or hundreds of millions of barrels of oil, represents a significant long-term growth catalyst.

To manage commodity price volatility, GTE employs a disciplined hedging strategy, with approximately 50% of South American oil and 60% of Canadian oil hedged for H2 2025, and 33% (South America) and 50% (Canada) for H1 2026. A 12-month COP to USD hedging program also mitigates foreign exchange risk.

Despite a robust outlook, Gran Tierra faces inherent risks. Operational disruptions from social unrest or infrastructure issues in South America remain a concern, though management has demonstrated effective mitigation. Commodity price volatility, while partially hedged, can still impact unhedged volumes and future cash flows. Foreign currency fluctuations, particularly the U.S. dollar against the Colombian peso and Canadian dollar, can affect operating expenses and financial results. Interest rate risk on floating-rate credit facilities is also present. The successful integration of the i3 Energy Plc (I3E) assets and realization of anticipated synergies are critical. Political stability in Ecuador, while currently favorable, remains a factor to monitor.

Conclusion

Gran Tierra Energy is at a pivotal juncture, having strategically diversified its asset base and sharpened its operational focus. The company's core investment thesis hinges on its ability to leverage a geographically diverse portfolio, drive efficiency through advanced operational techniques, and systematically strengthen its balance sheet. Record production levels in Q2 2025, coupled with significant cost reductions and successful drilling campaigns across Colombia, Ecuador, and Canada, underscore the effectiveness of its execution-oriented strategy.

The proactive management of its debt profile, highlighted by the new $200 million prepayment facility and ambitious debt reduction targets, signals a clear path towards enhanced financial flexibility and reduced leverage. Furthermore, GTE's commitment to returning capital to shareholders through share repurchases, particularly given the stock's current discount to its intrinsic value, demonstrates confidence in its long-term prospects. While facing competitive pressures from larger, more diversified players and inherent industry risks, Gran Tierra's regional expertise, cost leadership, and disciplined capital allocation position it as a compelling opportunity for investors seeking exposure to a growing, diversified energy producer with a clear roadmap for value creation.