Executive Summary / Key Takeaways

• Silo Pharma (NASDAQ:SILO) is pursuing a high-stakes dual strategy, combining developmental-stage biopharmaceutical innovation with a nascent cryptocurrency treasury initiative, aiming for transformative growth in both sectors.
• The biopharmaceutical pipeline, featuring differentiated intranasal (SPC-15 for PTSD, SPC-14 for Alzheimer's) and implantable (SP-26 for fibromyalgia) drug delivery technologies, is advancing through preclinical stages with promising safety and efficacy data, targeting significant unmet medical needs.
• A newly launched cryptocurrency treasury strategy, focusing on leading digital assets like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana, introduces a speculative yet potentially high-reward avenue for capital appreciation and yield generation.
• Financially, Silo remains a high-burn, R&D-intensive enterprise, with net losses increasing to $2.24 million for the first half of 2025, necessitating ongoing capital raises, though current liquidity is deemed sufficient for the next twelve months.
• Key factors for investors include successful clinical trial progression for its lead biopharma candidates, the execution and regulatory clarity of its cryptocurrency strategy, and addressing the Nasdaq minimum bid price deficiency.

A Dual Mandate in Transformative Markets

Silo Pharma, Inc. (NASDAQ:SILO) stands at a pivotal juncture, forging a unique identity as a diversified developmental-stage biopharmaceutical and cryptocurrency treasury company. This ambitious dual mandate defines its strategic trajectory, aiming to unlock value in two distinct yet potentially high-growth sectors. The company's core biopharmaceutical mission is to develop novel therapeutics for underserved conditions, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), stress-induced anxiety disorders, fibromyalgia, and central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as Alzheimer's and multiple sclerosis. This focus encompasses both conventional and psychedelic formulations, tapping into a burgeoning field of medical innovation.

The company's journey, originating in 2010 as Gold Swap, Inc. and undergoing several reincorporations and name changes, culminated in its current form as Silo Pharma, Inc. in 2020. This evolution reflects a persistent pursuit of new opportunities, now underscored by a strategic pivot into digital assets. Broad industry trends highlight the immense potential in Silo's chosen therapeutic areas: the global Alzheimer's therapeutics market is projected to exceed $30.8 billion by 2033, and fibromyalgia affects approximately 4 million U.S. adults. The landscape for PTSD treatments also presents a significant opportunity, with no new drug approvals in the U.S. in nearly 25 years for a condition affecting an estimated 3.9% of the world’s population.

The Technological Edge: Precision Delivery and Novel Formulations

Silo Pharma's biopharmaceutical strategy is underpinned by a commitment to technological differentiation, particularly in drug delivery systems and novel formulations. The company leverages proprietary intranasal and implantable technologies designed to enhance therapeutic efficacy and patient experience.

Its intranasal drug dispersion technology, utilized for candidates like SPC-15 (PTSD/anxiety) and SPC-14 (Alzheimer's), is a core differentiator. This technology is believed to provide a competitive advantage by increasing brain drug concentration, ensuring a faster onset of therapeutic effects with optimized safety. Management emphasizes that this method transports molecules directly to the brain, bypassing the blood-brain barrier, which is crucial for CNS disorders. For SPC-15, preclinical data suggests additional applications for eating disorders and anorexia, and enhanced efficacy when combined with an NMDA receptor antagonist for major depressive disorder.

For chronic pain and fibromyalgia, Silo is developing SP-26, a ketamine-based injectable dissolvable polymer implant. This technology focuses on regulating dosage and time release to provide sustained relief, offering a potentially safer alternative to opioids. The implant design is believed to improve dosage control compared to intravenous delivery, a significant benefit for long-term pain management. Furthermore, the SPU-16 program, a CNS-homing peptide initially targeting multiple sclerosis, is designed to reduce toxicity while enhancing therapeutic payload delivery, offering a targeted approach to complex neurological conditions.

Silo's research and development initiatives are actively advancing these technologies. For SPC-15, preclinical and formulation studies were completed in the first half of 2024, followed by a pre-IND meeting with the FDA in September 2024 to align on the streamlined 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway. First dosing in an IND-enabling GLP-compliant toxicology and toxicokinetics study was completed in early March 2025, and positive bioanalytical and safety/toxicology results from a 7-day large animal safety study were announced in August 2025. The company aims for an IND submission in 2025, with a potential Phase 1 clinical trial by the end of 2026 if the IND is approved. For SP-26, initial animal studies began in early 2025, evaluating dosage, time release, and absorption, with a provisional patent application filed in March 2023. A preclinical study met all endpoints, demonstrating strong tolerability, sustained drug release, and safety. SPC-14 saw a patent application filed in April 2025, with research indicating a novel multi-modal therapeutic strategy. The SPU-16 program, while undergoing a license agreement restructuring with the University of Maryland, Baltimore, benefits from a patent issued in April 2023 for Peptide-Targeted Liposomal Delivery.

These technological advancements are critical for investors. They contribute to Silo's competitive moat by offering potentially superior efficacy, safety, and patient convenience. The pursuit of the 505(b)(2) pathway for SPC-15 could significantly shorten clinical timelines and reduce drug development costs, accelerating market entry and enhancing financial performance through earlier revenue generation and improved margins.

Competitive Arena: A David vs. Goliath Battle with Niche Advantages

Silo Pharma operates in a highly competitive biopharmaceutical landscape, facing off against significantly larger and more established players such as Sage Therapeutics (SAGE), Axsome Therapeutics (AXSM), Biogen (BIIB), and Johnson & Johnson (JNJ). These industry giants possess vast resources, extensive pipelines, and global commercialization capabilities that far outstrip Silo's current scale.

In the realm of CNS disorders and psychiatric conditions, Silo's SPC-15 directly competes with therapies from companies like Sage Therapeutics. While Sage has approved drugs, established revenue streams, and robust cash flow, Silo's intranasal delivery system and focus on psychedelic-based treatments offer a differentiated approach, potentially providing a faster onset of action and improved safety profile. However, Silo lags significantly in commercialization readiness and overall financial scale. Similarly, Axsome Therapeutics, with its focus on depression and migraine, boasts robust revenue growth from product launches. Silo's SP-26 ketamine implant, designed for sustained release, offers a distinct advantage in dosage control compared to Axsome's more conventional oral or injectable options, yet Axsome maintains a stronger market position and greater R&D investment.

For neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and multiple sclerosis, Silo's preclinical SPC-14 and SPU-16 programs are up against formidable competitors like Biogen. Biogen commands a global reach, an extensive pipeline, and stable revenues from established products. While Silo's intranasal delivery and homing peptide technologies offer potential advantages in targeted brain delivery, Biogen's scale and resources are vastly superior, allowing for broader R&D and market penetration. In chronic pain, Silo's SP-26 competes with the extensive pain management portfolios of diversified healthcare giants like Johnson & Johnson. J&J's immense resources and global distribution networks provide a clear market advantage. Silo's novel implant technology offers differentiation in sustained relief, but its competitive position is weaker across financial metrics such as growth rates, profitability, and operational efficiency.

Silo's competitive advantages primarily stem from its proprietary drug delivery systems and strategic academic collaborations. Its intranasal and time-release implant technologies aim for superior drug absorption and patient outcomes, potentially translating into stronger customer loyalty and pricing power in niche segments. Partnerships with institutions like Columbia University provide access to cutting-edge research and expertise, helping Silo differentiate against the internal R&D models of larger players. However, Silo's smaller scale, early-stage development, and reliance on partnerships represent significant vulnerabilities. These factors can lead to higher costs per development program, longer times to market, and susceptibility to larger competitors' rapid market capture. The high R&D costs and stringent regulatory hurdles inherent in the biopharmaceutical industry act as significant barriers to entry, protecting incumbents but also challenging Silo's growth trajectory.

A strategic move to diversify its biopharma pipeline is the non-binding letter of intent to form a 50:50 joint venture with Hoth Therapeutics, Inc. (HOTH) to develop an obesity treatment. This initiative targets a substantial market, with news articles citing a potential global market of $16 billion to over $100 billion for the GDNF-based therapy, leveraging technology licensed from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and Emory University. This partnership could expand Silo's therapeutic reach and mitigate some of the inherent risks of a concentrated pipeline.

Financial Performance: Fueling a High-Stakes Pipeline

Silo Pharma's financial performance reflects its status as a developmental-stage company heavily invested in research and development. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024, revenues remained minimal and flat at $18,025, and for the six months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024, revenues were $36,051. These revenues are derived from existing license and sublicense agreements, recognized over a 15-year term. While the TTM Gross Profit Margin stands at an impressive 91.90%, this is on a very low revenue base, indicating the early stage of commercialization.

Operating expenses have seen a notable increase, primarily driven by intensified R&D activities. Research and development expenses surged by 82.6% to $717,247 for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $392,824 in the prior year. For the six-month period, R&D costs rose by 69.2% to $1.31 million, up from $774,889 in 2024. This increase is a direct result of heightened activity in Investigator-sponsored Study Agreements and other research projects with third-party vendors and universities, aligning with the company's strategy to advance its pipeline. Compensation expense also increased by 16.0% for the three-month period and 9.4% for the six-month period, primarily due to stock-based compensation and payroll. Professional fees, however, decreased by 22.5% and 10.6% for the respective periods, mainly due to lower investor relations and consulting fees.

The escalating R&D investment, coupled with minimal revenue, has led to increased net losses. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, the net loss was $1.20 million, a 29.2% increase from $931,779 in the same period last year. The six-month net loss reached $2.24 million, up 29.0% from $1.73 million in 2024. The TTM Operating Profit Margin of -7164.96% and Net Profit Margin of -6789.22% underscore the company's heavy investment phase.

Liquidity and capital resources are critical for a company at this stage. Net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2025, increased by 86.3% to $2.93 million, reflecting the higher R&D spend. To offset this, net cash provided by financing activities significantly increased by 39.6% to $2.09 million for the same period. This was primarily fueled by net proceeds of $1.59 million from a public offering in May 2025 and $500,061 from the exercise of warrants. As of June 30, 2025, Silo held $4.33 million in cash and cash equivalents, $1.93 million in short-term investments, and reported working capital of $5.32 million. Management believes these liquid assets are sufficient to meet obligations for at least twelve months from the August 13, 2025, filing date, mitigating historical concerns about its ability to continue as a going concern.

Strategic Diversification: The Crypto Treasury Initiative

In a bold move to diversify its asset base and potentially enhance shareholder value, Silo Pharma launched a cryptocurrency treasury strategy in August 2025. This initiative, approved by the Board of Directors in June 2025, involves the purchase of up to $1 million in Bitcoin as a treasury reserve asset. The stated rationale is to safeguard against inflation and position Silo to optimize long-term shareholder value.

The strategy is expected to focus on acquiring leading digital assets, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana, with an intent to make opportunistic purchases and leverage staking to generate yield while prioritizing capital preservation and token appreciation. To guide this new venture, the company established a Crypto Advisory Board, appointing Corwin Yu as its initial member. Further solidifying its digital footprint, Silo acquired software for the web-based application r2crypto.com and related domain names in July 2025, issuing 750,000 shares of common stock valued at $518,250 as consideration. This strategic pivot introduces a new dimension to Silo's value proposition, offering a speculative yet potentially high-reward avenue for growth, distinct from its biopharmaceutical endeavors.

Risks and the Road Ahead

Silo Pharma's ambitious dual strategy inherently carries significant risks. In its biopharmaceutical segment, the company faces the standard challenges of clinical development, including the timing and costs of trials, the potential for regulatory hurdles, and ultimately, market acceptance of its products. Intellectual property risks are also paramount in this innovation-driven sector.

The newly adopted cryptocurrency treasury strategy introduces a distinct set of complex and evolving risks. A primary concern is regulatory uncertainty; there is a risk that digital assets acquired by Silo Pharma may be classified as securities, which could subject the company to additional regulation, such as the Investment Company Act of 1940. Such a classification could render segments of its business impractical. While Silo believes its digital asset holdings are not securities, regulatory bodies or federal courts may disagree. Furthermore, digital assets are susceptible to security breaches and cyberattacks, which could lead to partial or total loss of assets, potentially without insurance coverage. The inherent illiquidity of digital assets compared to cash and cash equivalents also poses a risk to meeting working capital requirements during periods of market instability. The company acknowledges its limited operating history in this new domain, making future financial forecasting challenging, and expects competition from other market participants in digital asset staking.

An immediate concern for investors is the Nasdaq minimum bid price deficiency. On June 27, 2025, Silo Pharma received a notice of non-compliance with the $1.00 per share minimum bid price requirement. The company has until December 24, 2025, to regain compliance and is evaluating options, including a reverse stock split.

Despite these risks, the company's outlook is focused on critical milestones. For SPC-15, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application submission is targeted for 2025, with a Phase 1 clinical trial potentially commencing by the end of 2026, assuming positive preclinical data and FDA approval. Management expects R&D activities to continue increasing as the pipeline advances. The company's belief in having sufficient liquidity for the next twelve months provides a near-term buffer, but sustained progress will depend on successful clinical advancements and prudent management of its diversified treasury.

Conclusion

Silo Pharma is charting a course through two of the most dynamic and potentially transformative sectors: cutting-edge biopharmaceuticals and the burgeoning digital asset economy. Its core investment thesis rests on the successful advancement of its differentiated therapeutic pipeline, particularly SPC-15 for PTSD, SP-26 for fibromyalgia, and SPC-14 for Alzheimer's, which leverage innovative delivery technologies to address significant unmet medical needs. These technological advantages, coupled with strategic academic collaborations, form the bedrock of its competitive positioning against larger industry players.

Concurrently, the company's bold foray into a cryptocurrency treasury strategy represents a calculated, albeit speculative, attempt to diversify assets and enhance long-term shareholder value. While this initiative introduces new dimensions of risk, particularly around regulatory clarity and digital asset security, it also opens avenues for growth beyond traditional biotech. Silo's financial performance reflects its developmental stage, characterized by increasing R&D expenditures and net losses, sustained by recent capital raises. The path forward is contingent on achieving critical clinical milestones, adeptly managing the complexities of its dual strategy, and resolving immediate concerns like Nasdaq compliance. For investors with a high-risk tolerance, Silo Pharma presents a compelling, albeit speculative, opportunity for outsized returns should its innovative pipeline and digital asset ambitions materialize.